An Analysis Of The Financial Annual Report Of Victrex Plc Accounting Essay

1.0 IntroductionThis paper involves two developments. The primary region includes an investigation of the monetary one-year investigation of Victrex Plc in 2010, and examination of the open introduction of the worry in 2010 in contrasting with the old twelvemonth 2009. The examination will be done by rethinking the monetary data gave in the organization ‘s one-year study allotted for this paper. The kind of data remembered for said one-year study are the Chairman ‘s articulation, the Chief Executive Officer ‘s reappraisal, Financial Director ‘s study, the Director ‘s study and A ; the monetary explanations, for example, salary proclamation, accounting report and hard cash stream articulation. An outline of the worry open introduction in the course of the last five mature ages will other than be talked about. The significant proportions will be registered so as to break down the open introduction of the worry and recommendation choices and tax benefits wh ere proper. Other important data, for example, corporate organization and bookkeeping strategies will be thought of and talked about. The second development of this paper will break down the importance of working capital course in a worry and talking how the creator playing the capacity of budgetary official affected on working capital.Furthermore, strategies, for example, fringy costing and planning and their advantages in the dynamic technique will be contrasted with the existent universe condition of affairs.1.1 COMPANY OVERVIEWVictrex Plc is a taking planetary producer of high open introduction thermoplastics polymers which started using the VICTREXAÂ ®PEEK in Western Europe and United States to go to the requests in the car and travel area. As concern got planetary, Victrex ventured into high turning markets, for example, Japan, China, India, Russia, and Brazil. The organization has over 30years involvement with the creation of polyketone. Inside this clasp of activity, Victrex Plc has a creation, designing, customer administration and dispersion crew that ranges more than 30 states around the world. Victrex Plc partitions are recorded in the London Stock Exchange. Victrex Plc contains two divisions viz. the Victrex Polymer Solution and the Invibio Biomaterial Solutions. Victrex Polymer Solution centers around the transport, mechanical and the electronic markets. This division represents considerable authority in the turn of events and industry of high open introduction polyaryletherketones, for example, VICTREXAÂ ®PEEKa„? polymer, VICOTEAÂ ® coatings and APTIVa„? motion pictures. On the different manus, Invibio Biomaterial Solutions centers around providing master answers for clinical gadget producers. This division gives course to amazingly specific biocompatible PEEK-based stuffs and administrations for clinical gadget producers. Their exchange names are PEEK-OPTIMA, MOTIS, PEEK-CLASSIX and ENDOLIGN. VICTREXAÂ ®PEEK Polymer is behind the vast majority of today ‘s development in business sectors runing from car, vitality, hardware, aviation, semi music executives, clinical, supplement handling and fabrics.1.2 FIVE Year FINANCIAL SUMMARY REVIEWThe one-year study 2010 of Victrex Plc has some data throughout the last five mature ages of the open introduction of the Organization. Data in the one-year concentrate high spots outcomes on gross, net gain before income upgrade, monetary records, hard money stream proportions and deal volume. In any case, this investigation shows that the gross of the organization for as long as five mature ages expanded by 6.9 % between 2006 ( ? 122.5m ) and 2007 ( ? 131.0m ) . This becoming was because of an expansion in net incomes of their modern market which went up 16 % over the old twelvemonth because of increment popular for oil and gas and synthetic preparing customers. The transport advertise other than expanded by 6 % as an outcome of expanded business aviation net incomes. Locally, United States was up 9 % because of developing in the car, business aviation and oil and gas areas, yet was somewhat counterbalanced by a decline in semiconducting material gross incomes. Asia Pacific gross incomes were up 13 % as a developing what's more gross incomes of transport and gadgets ( Victrex, 2010 ) . In the mature ages 2007 and 2008, the organization encountered an expansion of 7.7 % from ?131.0m in 2007 to ?141.1m in 2008. This developing was as a result of expansion in net incomes in Japan and the United States. Other than expansion in the business aviation net incomes in United States and Europe prompted the developing in net ( Victrex, 2010 ) . In Year 2008 and Year 2009, Based on the effect of customers destocking, there was a reducing of ( 26.4 ) % in net from ?141.1m in 2008 to ?103.8 in 2009. This abatement was as an outcome of reduction of gross incomes volume dependent on the financial downswing. Transport net incomes diminished by 41 % in 2009 because of significant decrease in car net incomes over all parts. Modern deal volume other than diminished by 35 % in 2009 as a result of decreased oil and gas request, this other than got versatile dependent on the monetary downswing ( Victrex, 2010 ) . At last, the examination shows that the best expansion in net inside the five twelvemonth time frame was somewhere in the range of 2009 and 2010 as gross expansion was 82.6 % from ?103.8 in 2009 to ?189.5 in 2010. This was as an outcome of expansion in net incomes volume from 1547 metric tons to 2535 metric tons. The advantage of improved verifiable in return rates as the authentic debilitated against their monetary forms during the twelvemonth other than had a positive effect. Expanded gross incomes in hardware were up by 96 % more than 2009 which reflected solid gross incomes into the customer gadgets and semi music chief manufacture division. Appeal of stocks brought about an expansion of gross incomes in the topographical and mechanical market which took into account high stock rundown degrees and creation rates. The expansion in net incomes was as a result of restocking propensities. Different markets, for example, transport net incomes volume expanded by 59 % more than 2009, In dustrial gross incomes expanded by 53 % more than 2009. Aviation demonstrated solid becoming because of a blend of higher creation degrees and new airplanes orders driven by positive propensities and visualization for both concern and touristry travel, and new application advancement for the stocks to help run into requests ( Victrex, 2010 ) . From the one-year study given for the working overall gain ( Net salary before contribution and income upgrade ) , it very well may be seen that in twelvemonth 2006 it was ?46.1m and expanded in twelvemonth 2007 to ?52.0m, adding up to an option of ?5.9m. Other than in mature ages 2007 and twelvemonth 2008, there was an expansion of ?3.0m with working total compensation in 2007 as ?52.0m and in 2008 as ?55.0m. Be that as it may, there was a diminishing of ( ?29.9m ) in twelvemonth 2008 and 2009, with working overall gain of in 2008 as ?55.0m and in 2009 as ?25.1m. In twelvemonth 2010, the organization made the best expansion of ?49.8m in working net gain between twelvemonth 2009 as ?25.1m and twelvemonth 2010 as ?74.9m ( Victrex, 2010 ) . These figures are outlined in the graph belowFigure 1: Victrex Plc ‘s Five Year Gross and Net pay before Interest and TaxFrom the diagram, it tends to be found that the organization had an expansion in gross and overall gain before association and income improvement from Year 2006-2008, an abatement in Year 2009 and a significant expansion in Year 2010.2.0 VICTREX ANNUAL REPORT ANALYSISIn estimating the financial situation of Victrex Plc, it is required to see its Amalgamate Income Statement, Consolidated Balance sheet and Cash Flow Statement. The Ratio Analysis is concluded using four wide nations, for example, Profitability Ratios, Efficiency Ratios, Liquidity Ratios and Investment Ratios ( White et al. , 2003 ) . For the plan of this paper, the figures utilized are from the 2010 Annual Report and are determined in ?million ( m ) .2.1 INTERPRETATION OF ACCOUNTSRatios are indexs to an infiltration on nations that should be inspected in progressively inside informations by looking at the old twelvemonth ( 2009 ) to the undermentioned twelvemonth ( 2010 ) of Victrex Plc ( Perry, 2011 ) . Consequently, the proportions are interconnected and used to pull choices from the examination by estimating an organization ‘s op en introduction. To this terminal, Victrex Plc will be dissected using the four wide nations of proportion analysis.2.1.1 GrossThe organization ‘s salary explanation shows that gross was up by 82 % to ?189.5m in 2010 from ?103.8m in 2009. This expansion was as a result of expansion in net incomes volume by 64 % because of a solid backlash sought after over all business sectors in Europe, Middle East and Africa ( ‘EMEA ‘ ) , America, Asia Pacific and United Kingdom. Other than there was deterioration in authentic as this brought about the expansion of gross of different markets, which empowered the organization profit by the conversion standard determined capacity. The one-year study shows that the invariable swapping scale of the gross was up 47 % contrasted with 2009 ( Victrex, 2010 ) .2.1.2 PROFITABILITY RATIOProfitability proportions are utilized to discover how gainfully the worry is runing. In this manner Net salary is a stage of a worry achievement ; in this way these proportions are viewed by both inner clients and outer clients, for example, course and investors ( Jones, 2006 ) . Benefit proportions contains Return on Capital Employed, Return on Total Assets, Return on Shareholders Fund, Gross net gain Ratio, Operating Profit Ratio and Mark-up Ratio ( Perry, 2011 ) .2.1.2.1 RETURN ON CAPITAL EMPLOYEDThis proportion thinks about how practically an organization utilizes its capital utilized ( Jones, 2006 ) .According to Perry ( 2011 ) , Return on Capital Employed is characterized as: ROCE= Net pay before Interest and amp ; Tax ( Operating Profit ) x 100 Whole Assets-Current Liabilities ( Capital Employed ) In 2010, it was 74.9m Ten 100 = 74.9m A-100 = 31.67 % 279.0m �

Jabberwocky by Lewis Carroll

'Jabberwocky' by Lewis Carroll English essayist Lewis Carroll (1832-1898) is most popular for his class bowing work Alices Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and its continuation Through the Looking Glass (1872). The story of a little youngster who visits a weird land is an exemplary of childrens writing and established Carrolls place in the Western scholarly standard. Despite the fact that theyre broadly viewed as significant works, the talking creatures and conceivable depictionâ of what has been deciphered as medication use have put Wonderland and Looking Glass on various arrangements of restricted books. Lewis Carroll Life and Work Lewis Carroll was really the nom de plume of  Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, a priest, researcher, instructor, and mathematician. Before going to composing childrens fiction, Dodgson/Carroll composed a few scientific writings while an understudy at Christ Church College, Oxford, remembering An Elementary Treatise for Determinants, Curiosa Mathematica and Euclid and His Modern Rivals. He met the Liddell family while an instructor at Christ Church Collegeâ and was captivated by their young little girl Alice. Despite the fact that he later said his anecdotal champion did not depend on any genuine individual, Carroll supposedly made up the Wonderland stories, or if nothing else their frameworks, as a method of engaging Alice Liddell and her companions. Carroll composed a few different works, some about Alice, in his later years, however never again made the business progress of Wonderland and Looking Glass. Examining Carrolls Poem Jabberwocky Jabberwocky is a sonnet contained inside Through the Looking Glass.  Alice finds the sonnet in a book on a table during a visit to the Red Queen. From what we can comprehend, the sonnet is a legendary beast who is killed by the saint of the sonnet. Who is the legend? Who is the storyteller? Its practically unimaginable for the peruser to tellâ since were at that point in the odd universe of Wonderland. Indeed, even Alice doesnt comprehend what shes perusing. Written in a number style, the greater part of the words inside the Jabberwocky are silly, yet it cuts to a conventional idyllic structure. Here is the finished content of Lewis Carrolls Jabberwocky. Twas brillig, and the slithy tovesDid gyre and gimble in the wabe:All mimsy were the borogoves,And the mome raths outgrabe. Be careful the Jabberwock, my son!The jaws that nibble, the hooks that catch!Beware the Jubjub winged animal, and shunThe frumious Bandersnatch! He took his vorpal blade in hand:Long time the manxome enemy he soughtSo rested he by the Tumtum tree,And stood some time in thought. Also, as in uffish thought he stood,The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,And burbled as it came! One two! One two! What's more, through and throughThe vorpal sharp edge went giggle snack!He left it dead, and with its headHe went galumphing back. What's more, hast thou killed the Jabberwock?Come to my arms, my beamish boy!Oh frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!He laughed in his happiness. Twas brillig, and the slithy tovesDid gyre and gimble in the wabe:All mimsy were the borogoves,And the mome raths outgrabe.

Document Writing, Step by Step (with Templates)

Document Writing, Step by Step (with Templates) Whether you’ve been in the business world for years or are just starting your academic career, writing a document can be intimidating. But not to worry: If you’ve been staring at a blank page with no clue how to get started, you’ve come to the right place. This step-by-step guide will help you tackle any writing project with confidence, so read on to find out how it works. What Is Document Writing? The Oxford Dictionaries define a document as “a piece of written, printed, or electronic matter that provides information or evidence or that serves as an official record.” Document writing, then, is the process of creating a written document. Sounds simple, right? After all, we all learn how to write in school, and we all know how to open a text document on our computer. But if it were that simple, you wouldn’t be reading this article right now.       What Makes Document Writing so Difficult? The blank page is every writer’s enemy. Even pros sometimes stare at that blinking cursor in the top-left corner for hours. Contrary to popular belief, the freedom that an empty document offers doesn’t foster creativity â€" it intimidates. There are a thousand ways to approach any given subject, a million ways to phrase your first sentence. The result is that many of us suffer from what’s called overchoice, or choice overload. The blank document is designed for linear texts and thus pressures you into writing exactly that: a coherent, linear text with a beginning, a middle and an end. It asks you to jump in and craft complete sentences that are meaningful and logically connected to the sentences that come before and after them. Even if you’re deeply familiar with the subject, starting a writing project this way is difficult. So what can you do instead? Easy. Remove the blank page and you remove the pressure. Go ahead and close that Word document of yours â€" you don’t need it right now. Your first goal isn’t to write a perfect text. Your first goal is to figure out what it is you’re trying to say. The writing comes later; the perfection comes later still. Below we’ve outlined five steps to help you craft your document. You don’t need to follow these steps to a T every single time you start a writing project, and you don’t necessarily have to complete them in this order. Planning, researching, brainstorming and outlining your document are not necessarily distinct phases. It’s OK to jump back and forth between them, to jot down new ideas as they come to you, and to go back and do some more research if necessary. How to Write a Document, Step by Step: Step 1: Planning Your Document As with any other project, a writing project requires some planning. Start by determining the scope of the document â€" which information it needs to include and what can (and should) be left out. The scope is determined by the document’s purpose and its readership (aka your target audience). Readership Ask yourself the following questions about your readers: How familiar are my readers with the topic I’m going to discuss? What are my readership’s demographics â€" how old are they, which language do they speak, and what’s their level of education? For example, if you’re a programmer writing documentation for colleagues with a similar level of expertise, your text won’t need to include definitions for well-established terms. If you’re writing documentation for a high school beginner class of programming students, however, your document might need to include a lot more details and explanations. Purpose Determining the purpose of the document is equally important. It could be one of the following: Provide information Give instructions Propose ideas / persuade the reader Present your opinion Style and Tone Knowing the demographics of your readership and the purpose of your document will also help you choose the most fitting style and tone. If you’re submitting a business plan to a potential investor, the tone of your document would likely have to be quite different from the one you would use when writing a first-time parent survival guide. The latter might be suitable for a little tongue in cheek, while any kind of humor is probably misplaced in the former. So before you start the actual writing process, consider whether your tone should be: formal or informal personal or impersonal serious or humorous. Diction Next, give some thought to diction, aka your choice of words. While your business plan should use formal diction, you might want to go easy on jargon, unless the investor you’re submitting to is familiar with your specific business niche. With a first-time parent survival guide on the other hand, you’ll likely want to appeal to a relatively young audience. Therefore, incorporating some pop culture references and colloquialisms could actually enhance the reader’s experience. Sentence Length The length and complexity of sentences, too, should be adapted to fit your audience. It’s always important to be clear and concise. However, certain target audiences, such as academics, have a higher tolerance for lengthy sentences than, say, a busy executive. You can use the free mind map template below to plan your document. Simply copy the mind map to your MindMeister account and fill it out. You can keep the map as a reference throughout your writing and editing process. Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit My Document on MindMeister. Don’t have a MindMeister account yet? You can sign up for free here. Step 2: Research and Brainstorming Now that you’ve figured out the scope and style of your document, it’s time to do some research. While you can certainly use a text document to collect all quotes, links, facts and other references you want to incorporate, a linear format isn’t ideal for this purpose. The classic mind map format, which was popularized by the English researcher Tony Buzan in the 70s, is great for visualizing how individual pieces of information are connected. Using a mind map, you can collect all your notes, ideas and references on a single page. Digital mind maps are especially practical as they let you move elements around to group them in a way that makes sense. Besides links, digital mind maps also offer space for multimedia attachments such as images, videos, and entire files, so you can collate all your research in a central place. To get started, simply open a new mind map, write the title of your document in the center of the map, and add your notes. Want to learn more about how to brainstorm effectively? Check out our article on Online Brainstorming with Mind Maps. We also have a tutorial on How to Create High-Value Content with MindMeister and Your Kindle. Step 3: Outlining the Structure of Your Document The structure of your text is largely determined by the type of document you’re writing. Below is a â€" by no means exhaustive â€" list of document types you might encounter: Academic documents: Thesis Paper Journal Argumentative essay Research Proposal Business documents: Contract Report Business plan Financial statement User guide Project documentation White paper Let’s take a closer look at three different kinds of documents and compare their individual structures: Argumentative Essay: Argumentative essays often follow a 5-paragraph approach. The mind map template below outlines these 5 paragraphs â€" if you need to write an argumentative essay, you can use this template as your starting point: Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Argumentative Essay Structure on MindMeister. Business Plan: A typical business plan contains six important elements, which are outlined in the map template below. You can copy this map template to your free MindMeister account to fill it out: Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Business Plan Structure on MindMeister. Research Proposal: If you’re applying for a research degree, you’ll need to submit a research proposal. The template below outlines the key elements that should be contained in such a document. Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Research Proposal Structure on MindMeister. As you can see from the three templates above, every document requires a different structure. Of course, these structures aren’t set in stone â€" they’re based on convention. You can always adapt them to fit your needs. Step 4: Writing Your Document Now that you’ve created a logical structure for your document and have done all the research, it’s finally time to start the actual writing process. If you’ve used MindMeister to outline your document, you can forgo the intimidating blank page completely by exporting the map’s content as a text outline to Microsoft Word. Now all you have to do is flesh out your outline by adding the information you’ve collected in your research mind map. Microsoft Word isn’t the only writing software in town, though. Depending on what kind of document you’re writing, you might be better off with a different tool. Below is a list of popular writing tools that might be better suited to your needs. Whatever you choose, a good grammar and spell checker is a must. The Classics: Microsoft Word Google Docs Dropbox Paper Document Writing Software: MadCap Flare WhiteSmoke PandaDoc General Writing Software: Scrivener Ulysses DEVONthink Grammarly Hemingway App Knowledge Management Tools: Confluence MindMeister Code Documentation Tools: Sphinx (for Python) R Markdown ?BoostBook (for C++) Javadoc Docurium (for Ruby) Step 5: Editing Your Document If you think that you’re done as soon as you’ve written the last sentence in your document, think again. The importance of editing cannot be overstated. Or as the great writer Ernest Hemingway put it: The first draft of everything is shit. While you may be eager to finally submit your document and move on to other tasks, you should never do so before you’ve reviewed your text one last time. For best results, leave the document alone for at least 24 hours â€" longer, if possible. Looking at it with fresh eyes will greatly increase your chances of spotting mistakes and other issues. If you haven’t used a tool such as Hemingway App during your writing process, consider pasting the content of your document into this app now. Hemingway App was designed to “make your writing bold and clear,” just like Ernest Hemingway himself always recommended. The app highlights lengthy, complex sentences and points out weakening phrases for you. Even if writing is not your true passion, with proper planning and the right tools at your disposal, you don’t have to be scared of a blank page ever again. So when you’re ready to get started with your next document, just follow the five steps outlined in this article and you’ll see how quickly everything comes together. Brainstorm and outline your documents

The Strange Career Of Jim Crow Essay - 1198 Words

Jim Crow laws were also known as â€Å"Black Codes† in many parts of the United States. C. Vann Woodward’s book The Strange Career of Jim Crow: A Commemorative Edition explains the history of racial segregation in America from the end of the Civil War until the mid-1960s. The system of slavery that existed before the Civil War â€Å"†¦made separation of the races for the most part impracticable.† Racial segregation was not encoded in law until after the Civil War. Woodward’s book is an effective history of race based laws in America. I feel like Woodward is trying to tell us that Jim Crow laws was a system against African Americans to be put in place by forces of white supremacy. Although the book is mainly about the south however one will come to find out segregation started in the north. Even though Negros had emancipation and new rights white people still did not acknowledge those rights. Whites still felt that African Americans were beneath them and seen them as slaves. Woodward let the readers know that there were codes that impelled what slaves could and could not do. The segregation code, â€Å"†¦lent the sanction of law to a racial ostracism that extended to churches and schools, to housing and jobs, to eating and drinking. Extended to public transportation, to sports and recreations, to hospitals, prisons.† There were a lot of social customs to maintain with having segregation in the south. He wanted to let the reader know how the growth of Jim Crow was and how hard it was to endShow MoreRelatedThe Strange Career Of Jim Crow862 Words   |  4 PagesJim crow laws In the 18th century the civil war had brought in end to slavery ,when the union beat the confederacy.Many people believe that slavery ended right there, and that anything else that happened to African Americans after that was due to racism of the people of that time.When in reality that change had caused ripples, that would shape history and the way people think all the way till today.Using historical ideas ,journals ,and such C.Vann Woodward in The Strange Career Of JIM CROW Read MoreThe Strange Career Of Jim Crow Essay1173 Words   |  5 PagesThe  University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Then he taught at  Johns Hopkins University. He made the achievement of becoming Sterling Professor of History at  Yale  University from 1961 to 1977. Woodward s most influential work is  The Strange Career of Jim Crow  which was published in 1955. In the book, he explained how segregation was not inevitable. In the 1960s, Dr.  Martin Luther King, Jr.  claimed the book to be the historical bible of the Civil Rights Movement (Dr. Fallin, class lecture, nRead MoreThe Strange Career of Jim Crow1765 Words   |  8 PagesThe Strange Career of Jim Crow When The Strange Career of Jim Crow was first published in 1955, it was immediately recognized to be the definitive study of racial relations in the United States. Professor Woodward discusses the â€Å"unanticipated developments and revolutionary changes at the very center of the subject.† Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. referred to the book as the historical bible of the civil rights movement. The Strange Career of Jim Crow won the Pulitzer for Mary Chestnut’s Civil WarRead MoreThe Strange Career Of Jim Crow Essay1417 Words   |  6 Pagesprofessor at  Johns Hopkins University  from 1946 to 1961. He then became Sterling Professor of History at  Yale  University from 1961 to 1977, in which he taught graduate students and undergraduates. Woodward s most influential work is  The Strange Career of Jim Crow  which was published in 1955. In the book, he explained how segregation was not inevitable. In the 1960s, Dr.  Martin Luther King, Jr.  claimed the book to be, the historical bible of the Civil Rights Movement. His second most influentialRead MoreEssay on The Strange Career of Jim Crow1336 Words   |  6 PagesThe Strange Career of Jim Crow C. Vann Woodward’s book, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, has been hailed as a book which shaped our views of the history of the Civil Rights Movement and of the American South. Martin Luther King, Jr. described the book as â€Å"the historical Bible of the civil rights movement.† The argument presented in The Strange Career of Jim Crow is that the Jim Crow laws were relatively new introductions to the South that occurred towards the turn of the century rather thanRead MoreEssay The Strange Career of Jim Crow1834 Words   |  8 PagesThe Jim Crow laws were local and state laws that were supposedly â€Å"separate but equal,† but instead blacks were inferior to the whites due that to the social, educational, and economical disadvantages that they caused. In Woodward’s greatly influential book, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, he shows supporters of segregation that this was not the way that it had always been, but instead segregation took time to develop a fter the Civil war and that the acceptance of the Jim Crow laws was not just becauseRead MoreAnalysis of the Strange Career of Jim Crow940 Words   |  4 PagesWoodward’s novel â€Å"The Strange Career of Jim Crow† was simply a book about racism. Other critics also attack his style of writing in this very popular novel. However, I believe that Woodward’s novel is not just a book about racism. It is a book about history. I believe it is a book about race relations, not racism. Woodward shatters the stereotypical view of segregation through chronicling the history of America from reconstruction through the late 1960’s. The Strange Career of Jim Crow is not simplyRead MoreEssay A Review of The Strange Career of Jim Crow1072 Words   |  5 PagesA Review of The Strange Career of Jim Crow C. Vann Woodward’s most famous work, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, was written in 1955. It chronicles the birth, formation, and end of Jim Crow laws in the Southern states. Often, the Jim Crow laws are portrayed as having been instituted directly after the Civil War’s end, and having been solely a Southern brainchild. However, as Woodward, a native of Arkansas points out, the segregationist Jim Crow laws and policies were not fully a part ofRead MoreThe Strange Career of Jim Crow by C. Vann Woodward1063 Words   |  5 PagesWoodward wrote The Strange Career of Jim Crow for a purpose. His purpose was to enlighten people about the history of the Jim Crow laws in the South. Martin Luther King Jr. called Woodward’s book, â€Å"the historical Bible of the civil rights movement.† (221) Martin Luther King Jr.’s quote revealed the true importance of Woodward’s book. Woodard’s book significance was based on it revealing the strange, for gotten facets of the Jim Crow laws. Assumptions about the Jim Crow’s career have existed sinceRead MoreThe Strange Career Of Jim Crow By C. Vann Woodward1871 Words   |  8 PagesThe Strange Career of Jim Crow by C. Vann Woodward explains the development of Jim Crow Laws starting in the period of Reconstruction until its legal demise in 1965. The book puts an argument against the question whether or not segregation had been around before the civil war, and argues that segregation had not always been that way. Before the Civil War, a close proximity was crucial between the societies in the South to maintain white supremacy above blacks. After the Civil War, a period known

Jung et al. (2004) directed the 3d-QSAR (three-dimensional...

Jung et al. (2004) directed the 3d-QSAR (three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity connections) studies for 88 particular COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) inhibitors belonging to three chemical compound classes (triaryl rings, diaryl cycloalkanopyrazoles, and diphenyl hydrazides) utilizing relative molecular field examination (Comfa) and near sub-atomic similitude records dissection (Comsia). In this COMBINE demonstrate, some protein deposits were highlighted as especially paramount for inhibitory movement. The mixture of ligand-based and structure-based models gave an enhanced understanding in the interaction between the three chemical classes and the COX-2 [1]. The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) isoenzyme is a key focus for COX-2-particular†¦show more content†¦Despite the fact that X-beam structures of COX-2 complexed with a little number of ligands are accessible, exploratory information are absent for two well-known selective COX-2 inhibitors (rofecoxib and nimesulide) and docking effects reported are questionable. Llorens et al. (2002) attempted molecular modeling studies to produce atomic models perfect with the experimental information accessible. Likewise, docking of diverse COX inhibitors, including selective and non-selective ligands: rofecoxib, ketoprofen, suprofen, carprofen, zomepirac, indomethacin, diclofenac and meclofenamic acid were embraced utilizing the AMBER system. Their effects gave new bits of knowledge into a superior understanding of the differential binding mode of different groups of COX inhibitors, contributed to the design of new selective compounds [4]. Llorens et al. (1999) performed molecular modeling studies on the two cyclooxygenase (COX) isozymes proposing that the cavity at the mouth of the active site on the film area may go about as a real binding site of COX ligands which gave a structural premise to clarify the dynamics of COX inhibition [5]. Filipponi et al. (2000) depicted the requisition of a chemometric methodology to the investigation of COX-2 selective

The Debate Over Write My Paper for Me

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A History of Product Placement in Film and Television free essay sample

A History of Product Placement in Film and Television Peter Rush Product placement in the marketing world has become more and more evident in the past few decades. More specifically, product placement in the movie industry has been one of the most successful ways to advertise products. Oftentimes, products are associated with a film, or vice versa. Such is the case with Reese’s Pieces candies and Stephen Spielberg’s film, â€Å"E. T†. While it is a very expensive way of companies to advertise their brands, it is one that pays off immensely if executed properly. Although it seems as if product placement in film and television is a relatively new way of marketing products to the public, it has been around as early as the late 1800’s. On December 28, 1895, pioneering French filmmakers Auguste and Louis Lumiere exhibited their films in the basement of a Paris cafe to the first paying audience for projected motion pictures. In developing their Cinematograph, a machine that combined a camera, processor, and projector into a single unit, the Lumiere brothers had also, in effect, invented the motion picture audience. The running time of a Lumiere film was limited by the amount of film that their Cinematograph could hold, which was about 50-60 seconds. The content was often moments, supposedly, of real life: a train arriving at a station, pedestrians walking on a city street. But many of their films were staged, including a very early one featuring a performance by Frank Claire, the father-in-law to both the Lumiere brothers. Claire owned a brewery in Lyons, and in the film, â€Å"The Card Game† (Lumiere, 1896); he carefully pours a bottle of his beer for two companions. If the bottle had a label, it was not visible, but in this film the initial steps toward the combination of film and commerce are evident. Within 6 months the first examples of product placement would be filmed. In the spring of 1896, the Lumiere brothers entered into a distribution and production arrangement with Francois-Henri Lavanchy-Clarke, a Swiss businessman who was also a European distributor and promoter for the U. K. soap manufacturer Lever Brothers (Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 2006). For the Lumiere brothers, Lavanchy-Clarke would show films in Switzerland as well as film Swiss-located motion pictures for distribution in Europe and the United States. For Lever Brothers, Lavanchy-Clarke publicized their leading product, Sunlight Soap (Lavanchy-Clarke, 1922). It was this connection between Lavanchy-Clarke, Lever Brothers, and the Lumieres that resulted in the first product placements in motion pictures. In May 1896, in the yard of the Geneva home of Lavanchy-Clarke, Cinematographer operator Alexandre Promio shot a film of two women hand-washing tubs of laundry (Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 2006). Placed notably in front of the tubs were two cases of Lever Brothers soap, one with the French branding Sunlight Savon, the other with the German Sunlight Seife. The following month, the film, given the English title, â€Å"Washing Day† in Switzerland (Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 2006), was shown in New York at Keiths Union Square Theatre, along with shots of European trains, French parades, and various skits. Another contributor to product placement’s beginnings which included the interconnection of film and marketing was none other than Thomas Edison. Edison was the first to turn product placement into an ongoing business that provided benefits of reducing out-of-pocket production costs while providing promotional services for customers of his industrial business (Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 2006). One of Edison’s films, the 1905 â€Å"Streetcar Chivalry† takes place in a commuter train car plastered with posters for Edison’s products such as phonographs (Streetcar Chivalry, 1905). Some Edison films integrated advertising messages that were more similar to commercials than product placements. For example, in July 1897, his Black Maria studio was the setting for perhaps the first advertising film: 50 seconds of men smoking in front of an Admiral Cigarettes billboard (Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 2006). But although some of the Edison films were obvious offers of products and services, product placements as subtle efforts to influence audience attitude and behavior became a specialty of Edisons. His catalog listed hundreds of travelogues, such as trips to the Far West, Niagara Falls, and Hawaii, along with dozens of railroad films. The business of product placement had begun. In the United States, cinematic art and business intertwined in the 1910s and 1920s as manufacturers and government-distributed advertising films that combined drama and commerce to the small-town circuit. Producers of these films included International Harvester, the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and the YMCA. From 1914 to 1921, Ford Motor Company created a series of newsreels titled Ford Animated Weekly and Ford Educational Weekly. A typical serial included Model T races and news footage that sometimes incorporated Henry Ford meeting with government officials. These advertising films were distributed at low cost to exhibitors and found an early approval in small towns, with Ford claiming a viewership of 3 million per week (Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 2006). Not only did the product placement within the movie help to reimburse both parties of the agreement, but the American films initiated a worldwide trade in American products as well. For example, a citizen of a foreign country would see the American actors use American products on the silver screen, and soon enough, the foreign movie-goer purchased the product and boosted the American economy through the film industry. Although the earliest product placements, such as those in the Edison films, were most often a method of reducing the cost of production, a second motivation saw increased use beginning in the 1920s: cooperative promotional arrangements between outside manufacturers and movie makers, in which on-screen product appearances or star endorsements were traded for advertising and promotions paid by the manufacturer. It was seen as a winning arrangement for both parties, as the motion picture industry benefitted from increased ticket sales due to enhanced advertising for their pictures while manufacturers obtained screen exposure for their products and a marketing edge by connecting their products to celebrities (Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 2006). These were called tie-ups. Typically, a tie-up would result in the national manufacturer creating ads that featured the product and the motion picture as well as window displays for local distributors of the product. The local movie theater operators would then work with the local distributor to create in-theater promotions for both the product and the movie. This new phenomenon would catch on like wild fire in the film industry. One of the most popular and successful forms of tie-ups or product placement in film is showcased in Stephen Spielberg’s motion picture film, â€Å"E. T†. Visionary director, Stephen Spielberg has always been a step ahead, and his 1982 alien film  Ã¢â‚¬Å"E. T†Ã‚  blazed the trail for modern day product placement. The film was to have a scene where a boy coaxes an abandoned alien into his clutches by use of leaving a trail of candy on the ground. But not just any candy. The choice was made months prior to production when Spielberg  looked for a partnership with a candy company  that would promise promotion for his film. The very popular MM’s were selected, but the suits at Mars, Inc. refused to have their treats associated with a creature whose appearance may not appeal to the American public (Steinbrunner, 2008). However, the little alien creature didnt bother the people at Hershey, who were hoping to bolster their Reeses Pieces line. An agreement was made to produce a million dollars worth of advertisements for the film, and they even placed E. T. s face on the candys packaging. Although in the film, there is no mention of the product’s name, customers had no trouble identifying the little orange, yellow, and brown treats as proven by a 65% spike in Reese’s Pieces sales after the movie was shown in theaters (Steinbrunner, 2008). Another slightly skewed version of product placement that is becoming more evident and successful recently, is cross-promotion. In 2007, â€Å"The Simpsons Movie† was hitting the big screen, and marketing for the film had been planned out almost perfectly. 7-Eleven Inc. turned a dozen stores into Kwik-E-Marts, the fictional convenience drug stores of â€Å"The Simpsons† in a brilliant marketing move (MSNBC, 2007). 7-Eleven offered fictional products shown in â€Å"The Simpsons† and brought them to life for fans of the show and movie for purchase in the stores. The Kwik-E-Mart promotion turned out to be a huge success for 7-Eleven, with  fans driving as far as hundreds of miles to buy the special themed merchandise. It also resulted in a 30% increase in profits for the converted 7-Elevens (MSNBC, 2007). One of the big pros for product placement in film and television, is it is a strong substitute to the deteriorating effectiveness of the 30-second commercial spot. More importantly, reality TV has become a hot-spot for massive amount of obvious product placement (Munger, 2009). Shows such as, â€Å"The Apprentice† and more specifically MTV produced shows are displaying product placement in almost every medium. It’s nearly impossible to turn on the MTV channel and see an actor on â€Å"The Real World† not holding a Coke in their hand. As a result, the value of placements on popular shows such as these has exploded into the millions of dollars per placement. Also fueling the growth of television product placements has been the debut of niche instructional cable networks like Food, The Learning Channel and Outdoor, where house, home and garden marketers are pitching there wares (Hanlon, 2005). http://z8.invisionfree.com/MHVF/index.php?showtopic=10047 http://www.libdems.org.uk/constitution http://newatlas.com/go/4699/ www.tarheels12000.wordpress.com/2010/04/30/a-piece-of-candy-can-go-a-long-way/ http://www.nbcnews.com/id/19536528/ns/business-us_business/t/dohelevens-become-simpsons-stores/