Motivating teams Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Motivating teams - Term Paper Example The objective of this paper is to present a background and a definition of motivating teams. Certain guidelines and goals for motivating a team will also be presented. The significance of this presentation is to provide a full understanding on the needs of teams and the importance of motivation. This is in order for managers and organizations to achieve the desired performance they need from their workers. With proper motivation, workers will be more satisfied with their work and will be pleased with what they are doing. In the end, the holistic environment and outcomes within the organization will result in positivity. The challenge, however, lies on the minimal number of studies regarding team motivations. The role of leadership skills has long been evaluated and studied whereas the importance of motivational skills is still gaining popularity in the labor world. A minimal number of researchers on this topic may be due to the fact that motivation is hardly measurable. Moreover, mot ivationcannot be observed directly(Swezey et al., 1994). The scope of this study remains on the essential information regarding motivation in teams and a brief description of motivation in individuals. The topic on motivating individuals will not be defined in this paper. Background of the Study In any organization, leadership and motivation of individuals are important in order to assure efficiency and quality work outcomes. Chen & Kanfer (2006) stated that there are many studies that have proven the effects of leadership on performance whereas little is still known regarding the effects of motivation on individuals or teams. For decades, proper leadership was deemed to be the most important role of a manager. However, managerial leadership skills havebeenfound to be inadequate or incomplete without the proper motivational skills (Ceridian Corporation, 2005). Thus, motivational skills are imperative in keeping workers at their best performance. According to Clark (2005), it is mo re challenging to motivate a team than to motivate an individual. Teams are defined as a set of â€Å"two or more people who interact, dynamically, interdependently, and adaptively toward a common and valued goal/objective/mission, who have each been assigned specific roles or functions to perform, and who have a limited life-span of membership† (Salas, Dickinson, Converse & Tannenbaum, 1992, p. 4). Since teams are composed of different individuals with different missions and values, it may be hard to keep them together. This is now the challenge that is associated with motivating teams.Yet, Chen & Kanfer (2006) state that about 80% of institutions around the world are now employing the use of teams. Teams, committees, and groups can increase productivity by achieving goals that are assigned them in a shorter length of time. Lawler (2003) also stated that employees behave in a line of sight. By this, he means that employees act in a certain way when they believe that these ac tions will result to appealing results. Furthermore, Lawler (2003, p. 124) indicated that, â€Å"employees are inherently neither motivated nor unmotivated to perform effectively; their motivationdepends on the situation, how they perceive it, and what rewards they need and value.† It is therefore imperative for managers to identifythe necessary modes of

Contract Law Case Study

Contract Law Case Study PART I LINUS WISHES TO SUE CHARLIE On what contractual grounds could he sue? Linus could sue Charlie on the grounds of the mailbox rule/postal rule, since a contract was created on June 15, 2009 when Linus wrote back to Charlie accepting the offer, not when it was received. Once the mode of communication is the mail, an acceptance becomes valid when it is dispatched or placed in the control of the US Postal service, not when it is received by the offeror. Will Linus prevail? Yes, Linus will prevail even though the agreement was not communicated to the offeror, it does not prevent the contract from being created. What if any defenses, contractual arguments or counterclaims would Charlie have? Charlies defense for a counterclaim should include the fact that while Linus accepted the offer in a timely fashion, the acceptance did not correspond with the offer, when Linus requested to change the original offer that changed the terms of the agreement and an offer in one set of terms can hardly be accepted by a communication in different terms. Will Charlie prevail? Yes, and to reiterate that an acceptance of a contract means that nothing should be added to the offer, even if it is consistent or similar to the offer. The offeree must accept unequivocally without changing the original offer. CHARLIE WISHES TO SUE THE VET On what contractual grounds could he sue? Charlie could sue on the grounds that while there was an exculpatory clause on the receipt releasing Vet Emporium from liability in connection with the treatment of Snoopy and Woodstock, that did not waive the veterinarians standard of care owed to the patients. This unconscionable clause is voidable for reasons of public policy, because a party may not exempt themselves from liability from a duty imposed on them by a statute for their negligence in the performance of a duty imposed upon them by law. Charlie could recover for intentional infliction of emotional distress for harm to Woodstock. Will he prevail? Yes, the veterinarians conduct was unprofessional, when he endangered the health and welfare of Woodstock due to unreasonable safety. What if any defenses, contractual arguments or counterclaims would the Vet have? The veterinarian may assert that the exculpatory agreement which was part of the receipt waived Charlies right to sue for injuries on the grounds that the extended boarding services provided was not a primary function of the veterinarians practice and when Charlie used these services, he did so voluntarily. Will he prevail? Probably not, while waivers are customarily part of a boarding agreement, they are unenforceable in many jurisdictions. SALLY WISHES TO SUE THE VET On what contractual grounds could she sue? She could sue on the grounds of breach of a unilateral contract. Once an offer has been made such as when Vet Emporium posted the advertisement all over the area of a reward for the return of Woodstock, acceptance of that contract was satisfied when Woodstock was found by Sally. Once Sally performed the condition, the offeror was contractually obliged to pay her. Will she prevail? Possibly, there might be an issue with the way in which she returned Woodstock. She probably should have taken him to Vet Emporium to collect the reward. What if any defenses or contractual arguments would the Vet have? Vet Emporium could argue that Sally was not obligated to the reward since she did not return Woodstock to their office. Will they prevail? Yes, this was condition precedent contract that stipulated that Woodstock had to be returned to Vet Emporium in order to collect the $50.00 reward. THE VET WISHES TO SUE CHARLIE On what contractual grounds could he sue? He could sue for failure of payment for services rendered to Snoopy. Will he prevail? Yes, payment is still due for caring of Snoopy. What if any defenses or contractual arguments would Charlie have? In defense, Charlie could state that because of the veterinarians negligence Snoopy suffered emotional loneliness when Woodstock flew away, he should be awarded damages. Will he prevail? Yes. Compensatory damages can be awarded for the breach of contract. SALLY WISHES TO SUE CHARLIE On what contractual grounds could she sue? Sally could sue Charlie for refusing to pay as agreed, for caring for Woodstock. Will she prevail? Yes, Charlie expressed orally that he would reimburse Sally $100.00 for finding and caring of Woodstock. What if any defenses or contractual arguments would Charlie have? None, Sally expected payment for service and Charlie should have known that payment was expected. Will he prevail? No, Charlie could have picked up Woodstock without offering to reimburse Sally. He committed himself to the payment. LUCY WISHES TO SUE LINUS On what contractual grounds could she sue? Lucy can sue Linus for compensatory damages for the loss of bargain of the work that he was to perform. Will she prevail? Yes, she can sue Linus for breach to recover the additional $325.00 in compensatory damages and for other fees incurred to obtain performance from another source. What if any defenses or contractual arguments would Linus have? Linus could argue that the breach was unintentional and was based upon the reliance of a contract with another party. Will he prevail? No. Regardless of the circumstances, he still breached his contract with Lucy. PART II SCHROEDER V LUCY On what contractual grounds could he sue? Schroeder could sue on the grounds that he was not advised to obtain his own independent counsel to have the document reviewed before signing the prenuptial agreement. He could sue that the agreement was unconscionable when it was executed and, he was not provided a fair and reasonable disclosure of the property or financial obligations of the other party and he did not have, or reasonably could not have had, an adequate knowledge of the property or financial obligations of the other party. Will he prevail? The resulted outcome can go either way, prenuptial agreements are routinely upheld and enforced by courts in virtually all states, even if only one party had an attorney (In re Marriage of Bonds 2000); however, there are circumstances in which courts have refused to enforce certain portions and provisions of such agreements(Estate of Lutz 1997). What if any defenses, contractual arguments or counterclaims would Lucy have? Lucys defense would be that while her actions were not laudatory they did not negate the voluntary nature of the execution. A unilateral promise such as to buy Schroeder a new piano if he will marry must be in writing. Such statements were not included in her prenuptial agreement. Lucy could also argue that it is Schroeders responsibility to delay the signing of an agreement that may not be understood. Will Lucy prevail? Yes, she acted appropriately and retained counsel on her behalf. LUCY V LAWYER On what contractual grounds could she sue? She could sue the attorney for negligent misconduct, malpractice and misrepresentation by concealment of not informing her of his status to practice law. The attorney violated state statues which prohibits the unauthorized practice of law and suspension for failure to pay bar fees. Will she prevail? Yes, many states have statues that suspend attorneys from practicing law for failure to pay their bar fees. Failure to pay the annual license fee will automatically suspend the delinquent lawyer from the practicing law in that state. What if any defenses, contractual arguments or counterclaims would the Lawyer have? None, he violated a state statue, and committed a fraud by practicing law knowing that his license may be suspended for not paying his bar dues. He shouldnt have any defenses available because he engaged in fraudulent misrepresentation that was detrimental to public policy. Will he prevail in his defenses or his counterclaims? No. Technically, all the work that he might have done while not in the possession of a valid license might be voided. PIGPEN V MARCIE On what contractual grounds could he sue? Pigpen could sue Marcie for fraudulent misrepresentation the facts for failing to disclose that they is an insect infestation, when she informed Pigpen that there was no insect problem in her home. Pigpen could also sue for recovery of his earnest money that he gave to Marcie. Will he prevail? Yes. Marcie failed to comply with the full performance of the contract. What if any defenses, contractual arguments or counterclaims could Marcie have? Marcie can argue substantial complete performance by getting rid of the insect infestation. Will she prevail in his defenses or her counterclaims? No. The problem with insect infestation cannot be easily corrected and intentionally failing to comply with the terms is a breach of contract. She intentionally withheld pertinent information from Pigpen about the condition of her home in regards to insects. LUCY V MARCIE On what contractual grounds could she sue? Pigpen could sue Marcie for fraudulent misrepresentation the facts for failing to disclose that they is an insect infestation, when she informed Pigpen that there was no insect problem in her home. Pigpen could also sue for recovery of his earnest money that he gave to Marcie. Will he prevail? Yes. Marcie failed to comply with the full performance of the contract. What if any defenses, contractual arguments or counterclaims could Marcie have? Marcie can argue substantial complete performance by getting rid of the insect infestation. Will she prevail in his defenses or her counterclaims? No. The problem with insect infestation cannot be easily corrected and intentionally failing to comply with the terms is a breach of contract. She intentionally withheld pertinent information from Pigpen about the condition of her home in regards to insects. LUCY V MARCIE On what contractual grounds could she sue? None, Marcie placed a condition upon which the sale would go forward if the sale of her existing home met the conditions outlined. Will she prevail? No. Since Marcie was unable to secure a buyer for her home, the offer to buy Lucys home is voided on the grounds that the condition preceded her absolute duty to buy. What if any defenses, contractual arguments or counterclaims could Marcie have? Marcie could use the defense that she placed the condition precedent in her contract that she would buy Lucys home upon the sale of her own home for $300,000 or more within 30 days. Will she prevail in her defenses or her counterclaims? Yes, if no one pays the price she has established within the period indicated, the agreement to buy Lucys home will fail because the condition precedent was not met. MOMS V SCHROEDER On what contractual grounds could they sue Schroeder? The moms can sue on the grounds of personal performance because they did not consent to the change. The moms can claim that delegation was not effective because the students complained about Peppermint Pattys ability and that materially altered their expectations. On what contractual grounds could they sue Peppermint Patty? They could sue Peppermint Patty for breach of her duty. Special trust was placed on her performance based on the personal skills of Schroeder. Will they prevail? Yes. Contractual duties cannot be delegated. The performance by Peppermint Patty varied materially from what was expected. Also, a delegation of duties does not relieve Schroeder of his obligations under the contract. What if any defenses or contractual arguments would Schroeder have? None, once Peppermint Patty failed to perform then Schroeder is liable to the moms. Will he prevail? No, the assumption of duty by Peppermint Patty varied materially from what was expected. Could he sue Peppermint Patty? Schroeder can sue Peppermint Patty for breach of contract and performance of duty. PEPPERMINT PATTY V SCHROEDER On what contractual grounds could she sue Schroeder? Peppermint Patty could sue Schroeder for payment of services rendered. Regardless of the fact, that the duties were not performed to the satisfaction of the moms, she still completed her obligation. Will she prevail? Possibly, personal satisfaction of the party must be fulfilled in order for a court to rule, unless the expression of dissatisfaction is to avoid payment. What if any defenses or contractual arguments would Schroeder have? Schroeder could argue that Peppermint Patty did not perform to the satisfaction of the moms and therefore performance was not satisfied and the condition was not fulfilled. Will he prevail? Yes, the breach was material since the performance was not at least substantial. Could he sue Peppermint Patty? Yes, he could sue Peppermint Patty for breach of contract of nonperformance of a contractual duty. PART III Once the offer was accepted by Linus from Charlie using the mailbox rule, the contract was valid and became effective upon acceptance. Linus is entitled to the $500 originally offered by Charlie. Vet Emporiums is already bound by contract to perform a certain duty and should not be compensated for their negligence of duty, but should remedy Charlie for the loss and harm they caused Woodstock. It would not be prudent for Vet Emporium to compensate Sally for the return of Woodstock because the advertisement posted contained conditional precedent for the return to their office. Sally is entitled to the payment of $100 from Charlie since he orally expressed his intentions to reimburse Sally for finding and caring of Woodstock. Lucy should recover an additional $325.00 in compensatory damages and for other fees incurred to obtain performance from another source. Schroeder signed the prenuptial agreement voluntarily and the promises made by Lucy were not stipulated in the agreement so ther e are no grounds for compensation. Lucy should pay the attorney because of his negligence, malpractice and misrepresentation to practice law. Lucys attorney should be suspended for failure to pay his bar dues and the courts in the state where he practices should review all his cases. Pigpen should received compensation of his earnest money funds from Marcie and the contract should be voided for breach by Marcie. Lucys contract with Marcie is void because of the conditional precedent that Marcie placed upon the offer. Without the sale of her home, there is no valid contract with Lucy. The moms had a right from Schroeder to perform his contractual duty and should be compensated nominally for damages suffered. Peppermint Patty performed her obligations under this contract and Schroeder should pay for those services rendered, regardless of the satisfaction of the customers. That satisfaction is the responsibility of Schroder since he was the obligor. References: Clarkson, Miller, Jentz, and Frank B Cross (2009). Business Law, Text and Cases, 11th Ed., South-Western Lexis-Nexis Legal Research

Elements of Magical Realism and Fantasy in The Donkey Prince :: Donkey Prince Essays

Elements of Magical Realism and Fantasy in The Donkey Prince      Ã‚  Ã‚   "The Donkey Prince" is a short story written by Angela Carter in 1970. Carter is an English novelist. Her story is a mixture of fantasy, myth, and magical realism. I do believe that fantastical literature and magical realism are related in a lot of ways. As I read through the magical realism and fantastical novels, I noticed more similarities than differences.    Briefly, the story I read was about a young prince being transformed into a donkey. It was one of the witchcraft stories where the young boy/girl had to retrieve a certain thing to be transformed back into his/her normal self. A role of magical realism was played as well as fantastical literature. "Bring out the apple," said Terror. "I would give my name, my rank, and my reputation, as a warrior to possess even a quarter of your magic"(32). Magical Realism and fantastical literature are brought together by the fantasy of a young boy being transformed and the magic that would make that transformation happen.    The main character in this story is a donkey named Bruno. He played a magical role by being able to be a prince donkey. What was magical about the whole story was the people and creatures look at each other in different ways. As on earth, here in real life, people do not get the real magical idea of life.    This story gives a perfect example of what Faris says about John Updike's statement ,"Magical realism combines realism and the fantastic in such a way that magical elements grow organically out of elements portrayed"(Faris 163). Some of the elements are the donkey prince, Wild Men mountain, birds that sang, and a magic apple. A person could get a realization of magical realism and fantastical literature even by reading a children's story. Doing so takes an imagination in the adult life as well as the childs'. I think if a person does not involve the fantastic and the magical realism, the story is not as good.    The material that I read about fantastical literature stated that fantastic is portrayed as the indistinguishability between the real and the unreal. It has a preoccupation with style and an interest in transforming "the common and everyday into the awesome and the unreal"(Flores 114). This statement, to me, is a good comparison coming from two different views.

Do not lose family in times of unemployment and finalcial loss

The financial crisis emotional support hotline set up by volunteer organizations with government funding received more than 1,000 calls for help in its first two weeks of service. Social problems caused by the global financial tsunami have continued to surface. Hong kong people have to understand that the adversity is a global phenomenon. Further, no matter how desperate the situation is today, there will be sunshine after rain. Other than money and wealth, there is much to admire and treasure around us. The brunt of the financial tsunami has been borne by investors who suffered great losses in the stock and financial derivative markets. Of them, Lehman mini-bond investors aroused most concern, although the losses suffered by people who brought stocks during the peak of the hang seng index last year have been no less than that suffered by the lehman mini-bond investors. On Monday, the HIS fell 1600 points, losing 15 trillion in market value over last year's high. It involved the capital of many small investors. Even citizens who have not directly traded in stocks but who hold mandatory provident funds and childern's educational funds will find that their wealth has diminished considerably. At the beginning of the financial storm, small investors suffered losses and they still had hopes of regaining their money. But the stock market continued to fall. Until the financial tsunami this month, the HIS had dropped more than 60 percent from its historical high. Many of the stocks fell drastically. Even the traditionally strong good quality stocks suffered the same fate. Some small investors began to call it a bottomless abyss. They no longer wanted to regain their money. And they also didn't want to continue to lose money, or lose a little more. Unfortunately, as they pull themselves out of the market, they are paying for their expensive lessons. In the 70s, the HSI dropped by more than 90 percent, from 1700 points to a little over 100 points, turning stocks into wall paper. The fall made some small investors commit suicide. Although the current financial tsunami is not as severe, it has been an in the number of people emotionally disturbed by their financial losses. Those who called the hotline for help include the middle class and owners of small-and medium-sized enterprises. Some have even lost the savings of their family members. These pesple are neither professional speculators nor gamblers, and yet the effects of the financial crisis have spread to them, causing family and social troubles. Sign of life after destruction Sign of life after destruction Compared to the SARS period five years ago, the current crisis has hit the middle class much harder than it has the grassroots. The spate of closures caused by the shrinking market and the credit crunch in banking under the financial tsunami has created unemployment, which will in future affect people. When credit freezes up at the year end, enterprises will find the rest of the year especially hard to pass. If the conditions worsened with rising unemployment and shrinking job opportunities, everything can go wrong for the poor couple. Family disputes and violence may rise.

Love and Patriotism Essay

Patriotism is a frame of mind in which one loves one’s country and is proud of it. It is a vigorous feeling of love, loyalty and support for one’s country especially in defense against its enemies. It means that one should give more value and importance to one’s country than to one’s own self. It makes one bound for certain responsibilities, and these responsibilities are ideological commitment and dedication to the defense and prosperity of one’s country. â€Å"Only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country. (Nathan Hale) Man is a social animal. It is hard for him to breathe in isolation. Contact with his fellow beings is inevitable for mutual growth and economic development. Patriotism creates unity among the people for a noble cause and trains them to tolerate one and other and sacrifice for the country. â€Å"Soldiers die not in hatred but in love.† (Anonymous) Patriotism is a virtue that converts a mob into nation. Nations rise and prosper if their individuals are united by a cord of love, sympathy and sincerity. People learn to honor the freedom and independence of their country. They learn that they can prosper and progress if they have a deep natural relation with their country. Birds fly towards their nests, children rush to take refuge in the lap of their mothers and human beings move towards their homes for peace and shelter, and so is our country that gives us protection and peace. It is a sort of heaven for us. We should try our best to make it beautiful, secure, strong and peaceful. Our existence definitely depends on the existence and survival of our dear homeland. We can do so if we have an ultimate faith in our country. We must not undermine our relationship and association which we have with our homeland by birth. â€Å"Waste no more time arguing about what a good man should be. Be one.† (Mareus) Disciplined armed forces, hardworking and skillful craftsmen, diligent and committed women, and ambitious students have only one aim and that is to serve their country. They believe that their personal achievement will benefit not only themselves but also their country. They want to raise the flag of their country because they have a strong sense of patriotism. Love works wonders. Miracles are not beyond us if we are fired with the passion of patriotism. Patriotism fills us with a magnetic force which overcomes all our petty differences of languages and creeds.

Barbata Electronics

Barbata Electronics In this case, the most appropriate project management structure for the ‘Barbata Electronics’ company is undertaking the KYSO project is the â€Å"dedicated team management structure†.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Barbata Electronics the Knock Your Socks Off project specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The rationale for selecting the type of management structure based on the description provided in the question is the need for the company to invest in research and development of the most appropriate technology that could be used to produce superior to MP3 with a double file format and audio capacity. The â€Å"dedicated team management structure† has been proposed as the most appropriate because of the cost advantage it provides. In addition, the â€Å"dedicated team management structure† is dedicated to optimising development time by ensuring that development activities are always w ithin schedule besides the new features that have been invented which allow the organization to develop good quality products within their existing framework. The outstanding features of the â€Å"dedicated team management structure† is that it provides a framework for people with different skill sets to collaborate and contribute in executing project tasks with the project manager who provides strong leadership and direction. The proposed structure provides the team manager with power to lead and enable the creation of a dedicated team, which is an advantage when compared with other management structures such as the functional or matrix structure. Under the leadership of the project manager, the approach leads to a dedicated, cohesive, responsible, well skilled, team synergy, a â€Å"projectized organization† with functional departmental supports, and goal oriented team. The â€Å"dedicated team management structure† provides a framework for conflict resolution which arises from a diverse technical skills gap and knowledge within the team members. Here, a dedicated and focused team under a strong leadership by the project manager at Barbata Electronics’ underlies the driving force to develop new technology for the KYSO project.Advertising Looking for essay on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The distinctive purpose for using the ‘projectized organization’ feature by the company is to successfully develop the KYSO project, which is distinctly defined by the dominant business purpose where each functional department plays a critical role in the development strategy. Towards achieving the stated company goal of developing superior quality MP3s with higher capacity ad capability reinforces the rationale for advocating the use of the â€Å"dedicated team management structure† under the prevailing operational environment. Here, the f ocus is to develop quality without regard to the associated costs and budgetary allocations. It is clear from the above discussion that the â€Å"dedicated team management structure† provides cost advantage in the development of the new technology and is the most appropriate structure recommended for the ‘Barbata Electronics’. The cost advantage, the synergy derived from a focused group, the knowledge, skills and experience, an able and experienced project manager with strong leadership skills and knowledge, a cohesive team, a learning team with a common purpose is the key to the development of new technology that provides superior MP3 products developed by Barbata Electronics’.

What Is Purple Prose (and 4 Expert Tips on Fixing It In Your Writing)

What Is Purple Prose (and 4 Expert Tips on Fixing It In Your Writing) What Is Purple Prose? And How to Avoid It Most of us have committed the sin of purple prose at one time or another - and many find it hard to shake, even as experienced writers. It can sometimes be hard to tell good description from bad, leaving lots of writers worried about accidentally sounding â€Å"too purple.†But worry no more! This guide will take you through all the ins and outs of that pesky, pernicious prose, from its precise definition to how to prevent it in your writing. How to make your prose less purple and more powerful What is purple prose?Purple prose is overly embellished language that serves little meaningful purpose in a piece. It’s characterized by strings of multisyllabic words, run-on sentences, and blocks of unyielding text. Universally discouraged by all manner of writing experts, purple prose slows the pace, muddles the content, and can lose the reader entirely.If you’ve never read purple prose before, it sounds something like this:The mahogany-haired adolescent girl glanced fleetingly at her rugged paramour, a crystalline sparkle in her eyes as she gazed happily upon his countenance. It was filled with an expression as enigmatic as shadows in the night. She pondered thoughtfully whether it would behoove her to request that she continue to follow him on his noble mission†¦Ã‚  Very difficult to get through, no?Purple prose doesn't always persist throughout the entirety of a piece - it can also pop up every so often in â€Å"purple patches.† But even a few "purple passages" can disrupt your reader. This is because:1. The writing draws attention to itself and away from the narrative  or thesis.2. It’s too convoluted to read smoothly and can disrupt the pacing of your story.So why, despite its many drawbacks, do some writers continue to use such unnecessarily ornate language? The answer, ironically, is simple: to try and appear more â€Å"literary.†Think of purple prose as a cardboard cutout of a celebrity. From a distance it looks convincing, even impressive - but as you draw closer, you realize there’s nothing behind it. Purple prose is like that: beautiful from afar, with very little substance to it.What's the most purple thing you've ever written? Just for fun, leave it in the comments below!

Apartheid Era Blacks Act No 67 of 1952

Apartheid Era Blacks Act No 67 of 1952 Definition: The Blacks (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act No 67 of 1952 (commenced 11 July) repealed early laws, which differed from province to province, relating to the carrying of passes by Black male workers (e.g. the Native Labour Regulation Act of 1911) and instead required all black persons over the age of 16 in all provinces to carry a reference book at all times. They were required by law to produce the book when requested by any member of the police or by an administrative official. The pass included a photograph, carried details of place of origin, employment record, tax payments, and encounters with the police. A special court system was devised to enforce the pass law – people appearing at such commissioners courts were considered guilty until they had proven their innocence. During the 60s, 70s and 80s around 500,000 Blacks were arrested each year, their cases tried (mainly uncontested), and in the 60s fined or sentenced to a short prison term. From the early 70s the convicted were deported to Bantustans instead (under the Admission of Persons to the Republic regulation Act No 59 of 1972). By the mid 80s, by which time almost 20 million people had been arrested (and tried, fined, imprisoned, or deported), the pass law had become increasingly difficult to enforce and it was abandoned. Repealed by the Identification Act No 72 of 1986. Also Known As: Natives (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act No 67 of 1952

Business-Level and Corporate-Level Strategies Essay - 9

Business-Level and Corporate-Level Strategies - Essay Example ith products such as beverages and food and later the company diversified into various sector of electronics, clothing, financial services, retailing, etc. The company performs all its operations on the basis of one specific value that is to deliver its customers with good, better and best products. The success of the company is only because of its business and corporate level strategies. Tesco’s main business comes from its retailing segment that accounts for approximately 60% of the total profit that is generated by the business. The business level strategy is a plan that is adopted by a company so as to utilize its resources in order to achieve its business goals. The company has even invested  £1 billion so that it could provide a very pleasant shopping experience to all its customers who visit Tesco stores. The company has even subdivided its business level strategy into seven parts so that it can achieve its business goals and even provide their customers with high valued service. This business level strategy that was formulated was mainly to ensure that the company sets plans for its long term growth and profitability. The first part of the strategy is to grow in the UK market (Desjardins, 2005). The company wants to grow the core market of UK. The business tactics that were designed to support this strategy was to expand the staff base by 20,000 in t he next two years, implement new promotions for its products and services, and even to restructure all its store designs. This strategy was mainly adopted to give customers more importance and wanted. The second part of the strategy to be the creator of all famous and high value brands in the market. This strategy involved creation of its own label such as Tesco Finest and F&F clothing. This indicated delivery products that were of high quality and that also at the most reasonable price. The third part of the strategy is to develop itself as an outstanding retailer both in stores as well as in online. The

The English Legal System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The English Legal System - Essay Example The UK parliament is the sovereign authority of legislation i.e. is responsible for the creation of Acts of Parliament. Before enactment, an Act is referred to as a Bill, both Houses of Parliament have to consider Bills and finally receive the Royal Assent. The most importantly is delegated legislation that is considered as a source of law.The next source of law is case law, the effective creation and refinement of law during judicial decisions: The judiciary main function is interpreting the actual meaning of legislation providing it with further creativity. The final source of law is custom. The common law represents a crystallization of common customs, distilled by the judiciary in the course of its travels round the land. A second possible customary source of law its rules are derived form specific local customs. In the English legal system restraints on judges are that the Judicial decisions are subject to modification by legislation; And the final authority to dismiss a judge r esides in Parliament but this can only be done by the consent of both Houses. However jurisdiction of courts supervises the use of statutory and prerogative powers by government ministers. Moreover "The validity of actions and decisions for which there is no legal authority or source or which are taken in flagrant abuse of the requirements of procedural fairness (natural justice) may be challenged through an application for judicial review." Carroll, a. 2007. In addition There are rules that underpinning judicial independence: By convention ministers do not criticize judges or their decisions - although in recent times some see it can't be applied on parliamentary questions relating to controversial cases. According to the rules of the House of Commons it is forbidden to criticize a judge unless pursuant to a substantive motion for dismissal. It is permitted to propose adverse comment on judicial decisions providing this does not reflect on a judge's character or competence. For explaining the power of precedent Judicial precedent means that judges must follow the rule of law established in the previous decided cases of the court of equal status or higher, if they are of the same legal principle and facts. Judicial precedent is a system of law-making by judges rather than by parliament. The decisions made by the judges, called precedents, are used as models for future cases. This causes certainty due to the prediction of outcome of a case on which applied previous rules of a similar case however due to discretion of judges to make law and over rule precedents and conflicting rules may also produce uncertainty. The precedents of the Higher courts are binding on lower courts and the court structure is hierarchical and the House of Lords is the highest court. With R v R - rape within marriages - wife no longer a property of husband. A court higher up in the hierarchy in a different later case can set aside a legal ruling established in a previous case. Overruling refers to the ratio of a case and not its decision. It has to be emphasized the

A Comparative Analysis on the Course to Self-realization of the Essay

A Comparative Analysis on the Course to Self-realization of the Protagonists in Emma, Huckleberry Finn, and My Name is Asher Lev - Essay Example ive description on the role of a protagonist in novels is achievable by using three coming-of-age novels such as â€Å"Emma† by Jane Austen, â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain, and â€Å"My Name is Asher Lev† by Chaim Potok as examples. These novels and their main characters each possess distinct storylines and traits. For instance, Emma Woodhouse in Austen’s novel is a wealthy woman from the Victorian era while Huckleberry Finn is a young man belonging to the lower echelons of the society. Asher Lev, on the other hand, traces his ancestry to conservative Jews. The novels exhibit different types of protagonists from the underprivileged boy depicted in the main character of Mark Twain’s novel to the affluent but immature woman in Austen’s â€Å"Emma†. To be more specific, Austen (1882) described Emma Woodhouse as a woman who has, â€Å"†¦power of having rather too much of her own way, and a disposition to thin k a little too well of herself:† (p. 1-2). Whereas Huck Finn’s character can be deciphered in Twain’s (2001) account stating, â€Å"The Widow Douglas she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize [sic] me;†¦and so when I couldnt stand it no longer I lit out. I got into my old rags and my sugar-hogshead again, and was free and satisfied.† (p. 1-2) Conversely, Potok’s (2003) indicates Asher Lev’s nature: â€Å"I am an observant Jew. Yes, of course, observant Jews do not paint crucifixions. As a matter of fact, observant Jews do not paint at all—in the way that I am painting.† (p. 3) Readers immediately perceive the differences on the growth of each protagonist in the three novels, which are affected by the literary elements of each novel.

Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Comparison - Essay Example Charles Cunningham uses articles from the Life magazine to buttress his arguments regarding the belittling of white trash and African Negroes. The article by Tom Delph-Janiurek examines the link between gender and sexuality in spaces with regards to voice and its impact in the teaching environment in England. Tom Delph-Januirek also evaluates the power interpretation of voices and its contribution to class differences. The article by Charles Cunningham pertains to the derogatory and untrue portrayal of rural poor, especially in connection to the white trash and the African Americans in the twentieth century, during the time of the great depression in the United States of America. The article by Tom Delph-Janiurek examines the link between gender and sexuality in spaces with regards to voice and its impact in the teaching environment in England. At first there arises apprehension on any possible link between two such disparate articles in different environments over different periods of time. An in depth analysis of the two articles however, provides the scope for the comparison. Charles Cunningham provides examples of the speech of African Americans in his arguments to bolster the derogatory and racial prejudice against the African Americans. Drawing support from the works of experts in the field of language Tom Delph-Janiurek claims that voice very frequently conveys with clarity, information reg arding the bodies from which they originate. In addition to Tom Delph-Janiurek, voices are interpreted by listeners and â€Å"voices are shaped by interconnected discursive relating to gender, sexuality, class, and race†, (2, p.258). According to Charles Cunningham the African American was portrayed as the scum of the earth. Poor white trash and African Americans were taken as not worth any consideration by the urban middle and rich classes, as they were not deserving of it. Yet, between the two the African American was given a much lower status irrespective

Hotel industry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hotel industry - Assignment Example In my case, I intend to add value to my hotel service industry by picking my raw foodstuffs from distributors who are recommended by the public health organization in the United States. My hotel service targets all customers, fixing desired prices on the foodstuffs while making quality and service to customers as the main aim as opposed to mincing money from the public. Moreover, the staff employed in my hotel should have adequate training in catering bearing in mind health and safety standards of the organization. However, I do not intend to run the hotel for my entire life. I intend to make it pick and gain popularity within its location then sell it to a new management at a higher price when business hits peak. This, I intend to implement through ample customer relations, providing safe products as well as placing customer preference and quality as my main aim. Service to humanity is service for money.The chart above shows the organization of my hotel service industry. Moreover au dit ought to be done every end of the financial year to assess the employees as well as the milestones achieved by the organization. Any product that aims to be brought to the hotel must be taken through health and quality checks to ensure that safety and health standards are adhered to.Reputable hotels are very successful in both their businesses and expansion. The most challenging task in the hotel industry is the handling of competition which comes about with providing quality services as well as fixing prices that are desirable to the target customers.

Rising Cost of Prescription Drugs Case 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rising Cost of Prescription Drugs Case 4 - Essay Example One of the main problems for the rising costs in prescription drugs is the pharmaceutical companies. According to pharmaceutical companies, the reason why the costs of prescription drugs are rising is due to the research cost in testing new medicines that will potentially cure various ailments in patients. The drug companies use the revenue from the current prescription drug sales to pay for the research costs of testing new drugs. The new drugs that are tested are eventually marketed to the general public, but because these drugs are new and do not have a generic brand, they are much higher. The drug companies argue that this cycle of pricing drugs at much higher costs is a necessity, since revenue has to be generated to pay for future research. In addition, pharmaceutical companies have to patent new drugs to protect them from any unauthorized sales of new drugs. Patenting requires additional money to retain a lawyer to file the proper documents for patenting the new drugs. As a so lution, the federal government provides a prescription drug coverage plan for Medicare beneficiaries. Currently, the drug companies are not finding better solutions to reduce the rise in prescription medications. These drug companies rely on the revenue from the previous prescription drug sales to pay for the research, testing, and implementation of new drugs. The pharmaceutical companies are blaming the rise in prescription drugs on the increased utilization and demand for various prescription drugs, types of prescriptions that doctors are prescribing to patients, price increases, research and development, and advertising and marketing expenses. In addition, patent protection has caused prescription drugs to increase. The patent laws protect the manufacturers by providing them with an exclusive right to sell the drug products for up to twenty years. After the patent protection expires, the previous patented drugs can be manufactured and

Hotel industry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hotel industry - Assignment Example In my case, I intend to add value to my hotel service industry by picking my raw foodstuffs from distributors who are recommended by the public health organization in the United States. My hotel service targets all customers, fixing desired prices on the foodstuffs while making quality and service to customers as the main aim as opposed to mincing money from the public. Moreover, the staff employed in my hotel should have adequate training in catering bearing in mind health and safety standards of the organization. However, I do not intend to run the hotel for my entire life. I intend to make it pick and gain popularity within its location then sell it to a new management at a higher price when business hits peak. This, I intend to implement through ample customer relations, providing safe products as well as placing customer preference and quality as my main aim. Service to humanity is service for money.The chart above shows the organization of my hotel service industry. Moreover au dit ought to be done every end of the financial year to assess the employees as well as the milestones achieved by the organization. Any product that aims to be brought to the hotel must be taken through health and quality checks to ensure that safety and health standards are adhered to.Reputable hotels are very successful in both their businesses and expansion. The most challenging task in the hotel industry is the handling of competition which comes about with providing quality services as well as fixing prices that are desirable to the target customers.

Developing a Programme to Prevent Smoking among Teenagers in High Essay

Developing a Programme to Prevent Smoking among Teenagers in High School in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example shing short-term demands of the smokers and offering opportunities for extensively executing smoking eradication related programs and policies (Raingruber, 2012). Finally, partnership working facilitates in preventing smoking amid the individuals in the form of conducting and researching numerous epidemiologic studies regarding the identification of contributory factors of smoking that often lead towards preventable premature death of the individuals (ASH Scotland, 2012; Brownson & et al., 1999). Apart from these, various intervention programmes were formulated and practiced for the prevention of smoking amid this particular group, i.e. teenagers in high schools in Saudi Arabia. These programmes can be apparently observed in the form of Tobacco Control Programme and Smoking Cessation Programme among others (Subramanian, 1999). Specially mentioning, forming and developing effective educational programmes accentuating the negative effects of smoking can be duly regarded as one of the vital and indispensable approaches towards preventing as well as eradicating smoking when targeting teenagers (Canadian Pharmacists Association, 2001; Gupta & et al., 1992). With this concern, the essay intends to develop an effective programme for preventing teens in high school in Saudi Arabia from smoking, based on evidences regarding the same. Various aspects, such as the socio, cultural, economic along with environmental factors persisting within Saudi Arabia, size of the issue, SWOT analysis, policy drivers and potential stakeholders would be accordingly discussed in the essay. In this modern day context, excessive consumption of tobacco in the form of smoking is one of the prevalent health issues observed amid teenagers. It has been apparently observed that this particular health issue broadly exists amid the people in several industrialised nations. Being one of the foremost industrialised nations, Saudi Arabia is also witnesses rising concern for teenage smoking in its

Group Excluded from International Human Rights

Group Excluded from International Human Rights Human Rights Human rights, as explained by the great English philosopher and thinker John Locke, are natural and unalienable rights (life, liberty, and property) inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, sex, color, religion or language. All men are created equal, everyone is entitled to the human rights without any discrimination. Most human rights are guaranteed by the Constitution, state laws, and international treaties. International human rights law promotes and protects human rights by laying certain pressure upon governments. But even though there are many laws created to protect everyones human rights, certain people are being excluded from their rights by different levels of government, such as the poor homeless whose liberty is limited by the state government, Zapatistas whose life and property is taken by the Mexican National Government, and French Muslims whose freedom of religion is violated by the French National Government. Los Angeles is once a beautiful and luxurious heaven. But now Los Angeles state government is fighting war, a war with its own citizens living inside the state. Fortress Los Angeles: The Militarization of Urban Space (Davis, 1), this is the title Davis gave to his research paper, but it is also his feeling toward the state of Los Angeles. Everywhere in the city is the frontline of war. Stop building toilets, special designed bus benches, fancy garbage to protect fishheads and stale French fires, and outdoor sprinklers, those are all policy decision made by the government to fight the citys war on the poor homeless. They tried their best to eliminate or remove homeless from the city by violating the human rights that homeless should be entitled to. But while the government is violating the human rights, they claim that they are promoting human rights by protecting people from danger, but they exclude homeless from the definition of word people. Collective human rights, those are what government is claiming about. They always try to protect majoritys rights by excluding certain peoples human rights. Rights and Human Rights, huge differences, but government never recognizes it, they just called them human rights regardless of the differences. They make the policy that will discriminate and deny the liberty of homeless to protect majority from possible danger. The government should not define homeless as dangerous just because some homeless people are dangerous and harmful. For public-housing tenants and inhabitants of narcotic-enforcement zones, the loss of freedom is the price of security (Davis, 6) As stated by the author Mike Davis, one of the three primary human rights, liberty is taken by the government from the homeless to ensure other peoples safety from possible danger, this should not be called collective human rights, but the power of government to protect people who make profit for the government. Similarly, people, especially children, in Central and S outh America are excluded from the protection of human rights imposed by the law. Their organs will be taken without their permission and sold to other rich countries, leave them with a horrible body for the rest of their life. The organ-stealing stories were told, remembered, and circulated because they were true at that indeterminate level between the real, the surreal and the uncanny (Scheper-Hughes, 36) Even though organ stealing is so wide spread and known by everyone, Government never tried to stop it, or maybe it is even promoting it to make profit. So it is clear that poor homeless is excluded totally from the protection of government for their human rights, even if the constitution, and international laws expressly guarantee everyone will be treated equally by the government. Only liberty is taken by the state government from homeless, but in some area even life and property is taken by the national government. On New Years Day, 1994, Zapatista rebels in Chiapas, Mexico, confronted the Mexican government with demands for basic human rights (Messer, 319). That is the start of the revolution inside the border of Mexico and the reason why Zapatistas fight against the Mexican government. People in Chiapas were discriminated against, their only property, land is also taken by the government. With nothing to lose, they started revolution, and created a border within the Mexican border. In the video, a place called Chiapas, the life of Chiapas people was presented. They were poor before revolution, but with the land they own, they can still live. But the Mexican government took the land from them to develop modern cities which cause Chiapas people to be abused by riches. Again, it is the problem of collective human rights conflicting with individual human rights. This time national government claims that they are protecting the benefit and rights of people inside Chiapas while taking away everythi ng they own and force people there to become terrorists. Maybe war is not a right choice, but it is Chiapas peoples only choice. Without revolution, they are all going to die due to the poor condition there. Collective Human Rights, as claimed by the national government, is just a joke. Without individual human rights, no collective human rights can be achieved. Without those lands, all Chiapas people are going to hunger to die, then what would be the use of collective human rights toward the dead people? Life, liberty and property, only those three primary human rights being protected well, then other things can be done by the government. Similar conditions occur in the process of progress. People and place which are being progressed have lost many. People would lose the right to their every day practice because the land is taken by the government. They are forced to change their diet which causes new diseases to appear in the local places, and reduce the health condition of the lo cal people. Overall, the available data seem to indicate that the dietary changes that are linked to involvement in the world-market economy have tended to lower rather than raise the nutritional levels of the affected tribal peoples (Bodley, 3) Progress is great thing, but with great prices. Freedom of choosing food and life of local people are taken during the process of progress. So individual rights should be considered first, and then collective rights can be done. So again, even though the international treaties lay down the obligation of protecting everyones human rights upon governments, some people are excluded from them because of collective human rights. Similar problem, but different salutation has occurred in France, this time it involves freedom of religion. Muslims in the France is always treated different, not only because of their religion, but also because of their dressing. So French government created laws that banned any Muslims to wear headscarves that have religious meanings. The reasons French government gave for this law is that For many non-Muslim French, they (headscarves) represent multiple dangers to the Republic: the oppression of women, urban violence, international terrorism, and the general refusal of Muslim immigrants to integrate into the broader society (Bowen, 31). So this seems to be a problem about collective human rights and individual human rights, but is it? It is not. A republic can exist with symbols of different religion. Freedom of religion, this should be guaranteed by any kind of republic. So this time there is no collective human rights involving at all. It is purely that French government taking away rights from Muslims without any legitimate reason. Liberty, one of the three primary human rights is vi olated by the French government. Not only that, the law they make actually may create diversity inside the nation since only Muslims are treated differently by the government. So with all those violations, Muslims in French are forced to change their way of life. They stop going to Mosques and practicing their religious activities. While all those rights are being violated, French government is still claiming they are promoting rights of the citizen living inside the republic. France is now outlawing Muslims and treats Muslims not as citizens of France, but a group of people who may cause diversity and terrorism inside France. French Republic is the official name of France, but is it a true republic? Before French government stop outlawing certain group of people inside the nation, France is never a true republic. So again individual human rights should always be the primary thing any government should think about before imposing laws or making decision. But there are always some pl aces where law cannot reach, thus create exclusion or discrimination. Bill of Rights are the first ten amendments of constitution created as the supreme law of the land to protect human rights in U.S. and other countries have similar laws. Above all, international human rights law is created to ensure everyones rights in the whole world. But it only lays down the obligation upon the government, if government will not enforce it, then human rights of people will not be protected. French Muslims, Zapatistas, and urban homeless are the examples of government exclusion. So even though every government claim that everyone will be treated equally and everyones human rights will be protected by the government, some people are not under the protection of government and suffering. Work Cited Bodley, John. The Price of Progress. Victims of Progress 1998, 137-151 Bowen, John. Muslims and Citizens. Boston Review Feb/Mar. 2004: 31-35. Davis, Mike. Fortress Los Angeles: The Militarization of Urban Space. City of Quartz, Fortress LA Messer, Ellen. Anthropologists in a World with and without Human Rights. Exotic No More: Anthropology on the Front Lines. Ed. Jeremy MacClancy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2002. 319-337 Scheper-Hughes. Nancy. Min(d)ing the Body: On the Trail of Organ-Stealing Rumors. Exotic No More: Anthropology on the Front Lines. Ed. Jeremy MacClancy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2002. 33-63 A Place Called Chiapas. 2006. online video clip. Google Video. Accessed on 05 December, 2009.

American Flag :: essays research papers

The United States Flag is the third oldest of the National Standards of the world; older than the Union Jack of Britain or the Tricolor of France. The flag was first authorized by Congress June 14, 1777. This date is now observed as Flag Day throughout America. The flag was first flown from Fort Stanwix, on the site of the present city of Rome, New York, on August 3, 1777. It was first under fire for three days later in the Battle of Oriskany, August 6, 1777. It was first decreed that there should be a star and a stripe for each state, making thirteen of both; for the states at the time had just been erected from the original thirteen colonies. The colors of the Flag may be thus explained: The red is for valor, zeal and fervency; the white for hope purity, cleanliness of life, and rectitude of conduct; the blue, the color of heaven, for reverence to God, loyalty, sincerity, justice and truth. The star (an ancient symbol of India, Persia and Egypt) symbolized dominion and sovereignty, as well as lofty aspirations. The constellation of the stars within the union, one star for each state, is emblematic of our Federal Constitution, which reserves to the States their individual sovereignty except as to rights delegated by them to the Federal Government. The symbolism of the Flag was thus interpreted by Washington: â€Å"We take the stars from Heaven, the red from our mother country, separating it by white stripes, thus showing that we have separated from her, and the white stripes shall go down to posterity representing Liberty.† In 1791, Vermont, and in 1792, Kentucky were admitted to the Union and the number of stars and stripes was raised to fifteen in correspondence. As other states came into the Union it became evident there would be too many stripes. So in 1818 Congress enacted that the number of stripes be reduced and restricted henceforth to thirteen representing the thirteen original states; while a star should be added for each succeeding state. That law is the law of today. The name â€Å"Old Glory† was given to our National Flag August 10, 1831, by Captain William Driver of the brig Charles Doggett. The Flag was first carried in battle at the Brandywine, September 11, 1777. It first flew over foreign territory January 28, 1778, at Nassau, Bahama Islands; Fort Nassau having been captured by the American in the course of the war for independence.

Wake Up Girls Essay -- Media Fashion Papers

Wake Up Girls Sometimes we lose sight of what is important in life and that is when it is necessary to take a step back to reconsider the direction in which we are going. Teenage girls today are becoming less and less original and more generic. Generic symbolizing how alike teenage girls look. It is disturbing for me as a teenage girl to hear and see what teenage girls believe to be imperative in order to be happy and successful. The media in America has everything to do with what is going wrong with the lifestyles of young women. This is when we, as the target group for media, need to reassess our values and the meaning we wish to fulfill in our lives. I believe the media recognizes the influence that they possess over teenage girls but because such good profits are coming in off of movies, clothing, magazines, and other materialistic products, they find no need to stop or redirect their motives. A petite young girl strutting out of Abercrombie & Fitch wearing a black sequenced mini-skirt with a matching black top that is skin-tight against her undeveloped chest walks by at our local mall and unfortunately this is not so rare. Young girls in elementary school wearing skinny strap tank tops and make-up is unnecessary and frightening. It is sad to think that young girls are already caring at that age how they look and what other people might think of them. When I was in elementary school, which was not too long ago, I did not have a care in the world of what I was wearing and most of the girls around me seemed to be oblivious to each-other’s clothing. I actually think my mother still dressed me. So I believe it is valid to say that the influence of the media is becoming greater and it has stimulated children si... ...d hear we need to be able to block it out. The media has influenced us enough in the wrong direction and I believe it is time we influence them in the other direction. Seventeen; â€Å"Young Woman Today Take a Stand and Leave Behind the Generic Route That the Media was Guiding Them Toward.† Now that would be an issue worth the five dollars.N Works Cited Cooper, Peter J, ed., and Allen Stein, ed. Monographs in Clinical Pediatrics: Feeding Problems and Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents.Vol 5. Philadelphia: Harwood Academic Publishers,1992. Russell, Gerald F.M. â€Å"Impact on Puberty of Anorexia.† Cooper 90. NationalEatingDisorders.org.22 Sep. 2003. Statistics; Eating Disorders and Their Precursers. 23 Sep. 2003

Development of the Education System and Society

It is been a fact that our educational system has reached far beyond our imagination. Through the development of our educational system, we are able to enhance our technology by inventing new inventions that will be useful and meet the societies’ needs; and thus, these create positive impacts to our society. It helps our society more lively and makes things accessible and a lot easier. Furthermore, as we continue to study this issue, we should try to understand what is an education and learn a little overview which regards to this.Education is the growth and improvement of the capacity of the individual to be useful member of our society through teaching and learning precise beliefs, skills and knowledge. Confidentially, it is the procedure of taking in knowledge of numbers and language which are learned from parents and more members of the culture of the students and concerning the execution of surrounding objects.The magazines, journals, books and digest in the field of educ ation deal with the teaching and learning preparations and trainings which comprise game playing, testing, record keeping, seating arrangements, lectures, interests, scheduling, bullying, computer access and motivation. It is presently established and renowned that the greatest significant elements in some effectiveness of the teacher are the communication with students and the education and the teacher’s personality.The greatest teachers are competent to interpret knowledge of a subject, excellent adjudication, knowledge and wisdom into an important knowledge of a subject which is comprehend and kept hold of by the student. It is their capability to comprehend a subject expertly enough that they can be able to express its quintessence to a newfangled generation of students which is necessary of every teacher. The objective is to be able to establish a knowledge substance base which permits the student to develop as they are laid open into distinct life happenings. The transi tory of knowledge from generation to other generation permits the student to develop and mature into a serviceable member of our society.The purpose of this study is to explore the development of the education system and its impact it had on society.OverviewIt is generally acknowledged that the procedure of education starts at birth and endures during the course of life. There are many perceive and have confidence with that education begins previous than this- as indication by several parents who play music or read to the baby, hoping that it will persuade and motivate the development of the child. Education is frequently making used to denote to â€Å"formal education†. Moreover, it conceals a variety of occurrences since formal learning up to the constructing of understanding and knowledge amidst of our day to day living.Eventually, every situation that we undergo aids or serves as a form of our education. Distinct people study and discover in distinct approaches and severa l things will have to be made clear several times in several distinct approaches before the majority of the students â€Å"gets it†. Several students, unluckily, will never â€Å"get it† in view of the fact that they don’t give any interest on it or have not able to learn sufficiently of the foundation knowledge of a prearranged subject to go forward to the next level. Each one of us receives informal education from several sources (see â€Å"Education†. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. August 25, 2006.   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education). Thus, this informal education and formal education will lead us to bring change in our society by making new or advancements in our technologies, just like in the field of IT.*Development of the Educational System and its impact it had on Society*Through the progress in our educational system, we are able to improve our technologies which help us connect globally. Advance technology is part of the development o f our educational system. Moreover, it also enhances our economic stability by engaging businesses globally using the advance technology that we have learned through our education.Information technology as defined by Ben Meadowcroft in his study that â€Å"it is the technology that is utilized to store, manipulate, distribute or make information.  Several nonprofit and institutions are keen and enthusiastic to understand either developing technologies and the Internet posses an authentic positive impact on civil society and either nonprofits are taking hold of the chances to utilize technology in groundbreaking procedures in order to fulfill their assignment. On the other hand, technology can be able to utilize to gather together the people internationally around a shared cause to realize and accomplish world-changing outcomes far beyond the assurance of empowering nonprofit organizations in order to perform significant purposes like as fundraising, and recruiting unpaid workers more efficiently.In distinction to several of the undertakings expressed through William Galston, David Eisner declared that: â€Å"the truly transformative impact that the Internet will have on nonprofits is specifically in the area of building community.† James Austin stated that technology is redefining â€Å"community† while it is no longer concentrated on geography but then on another shared qualities which can connect people throughout cyberspace. He recommended a newfangled description of community â€Å"a group of people bound together by shared activities, purpose, and values.† As stated by Eisner, there are four inclinations that are unfavorable to understanding the internet’s influence in creating societiesØ   There are more people who will discover and realize that it is easier to form supplementary associations as outcomes of the internet.Ø   Inquiring each individual to give will become simple and uncomplicated since information an d action can presently be incorporated. Example, contributors can read which regard the earthquake in India and then stretched and offer all at once through the use of internet.Ø   Reports, fundraising, online societies and procedures to lend a hand, which Eisner called the â€Å"cycle of engagement,† will turn out to be frictionless, in view of the fact that the internet empowers people to learn regarding a dilemma and do something without delay and flawlessly.Ø   By mean of networking, people can be able to perform simultaneously more carefully and thoroughly in high-quality information sharing and learning societies.Online interaction gives a strong structural and administrative tool for advocacy operation and promotions. Mike Whitlam stated that â€Å"As a communication tool, as campaigning tool, it’s incredible.† But then, this strong association turn out to be a reality if not, nonprofit organizations posses the capacity to utilize technology. Ei sner stated that:â€Å"What’s really important is even where grants are related to technology,  Ã‚  Ã‚   grant makers need to take an interest in their grantee’s technological proficiency in the same way that they take an interest in their staff capability, their management, and their financial credibility.†Turning to present inclinations in e-philanthropy, Austin declared that same as the Internet business world, the e-philanthropy society (with nonprofit and for profit) is undergoing distress labor pains. As Austin continued that there will be additional terminations and merging, but then the space will not disappear. The internet technology has irrevocably altered the philanthropic capital market. Austin was able to identify the four forces as the precarious shapers of the newfangled technology-based e-philanthropy society. Ant these are economic pressures, mistrust, clashing cultures and technology readiness.An article entitled â€Å"education and Economi c Development† stated that the development of the internet has taken along newfangled chances and enhanced communication to several businesses and people. Globally, IT expenditure is foretold to upsurge by 35 percent in 2010, as stated by the research firm IDC (Worldwide Black Book, 2004). As an outcome, the need will increase for extremely equipped individuals to administer and support IT systems.In United States of America, every year there is an increase in need for those work forces have been the topmost amongst the It sector. Moreover, in several emerging countries, get into training on the newest technologies is either inadequate or unobtainable. An absence of way in to technology and education regarding its use is one issue contributing to the â€Å"gulf† amongst developed and developing economies. The said gulf is known as â€Å"digital divide† (see â€Å"Education and Economic development† http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac227/ac111/cisco_and_socie ty/education_and_economic_development.html).On the other hand, the article entitled â€Å"Science Education System Standards stated that the science education system standards give standard for adjudicating the presentation of the modules of the science education system accountable for giving schools with essential financial and intellectual means. In spite of the recurrent usage of the terminology â€Å"educational system†, the sense is frequently ambiguous. States are element of a national education system and schools are included as elements of a local society which can comprise universities and colleges, parks and museums, laboratories, community organizations, various media, businesses and nature centers.The initial purpose of the science system is to provide society with technically and methodically well-educated citizens. Resources and information invigorate the system. The information’s nature-the greatness of resources- and the tracks along which they move ar e managed and regulated through policies which are limited and controlled in instruments like judicial rulings, legislation and budgets. Systems can be characterized in an assortment of procedures which depend on the intention and the data to be communicated. An example of this is in figure below which portrays the overlap amongst three systems which persuade the preparation of science education. This kind of illustration is a cue that actions done in sole system have insinuations not only in science education but then again for other systems too (see â€Å"Science Education System Standards†. http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/nses/8.html).The overlap of three systems which persuade science educationOrganization of performance amongst the systems can work for as a strong and influential force for alteration. But then, if performances are at cross intentions, their results and influences can be refuted and invalidated and make waste and conflict. The overlap in the figure a bove demonstrates that everyday pursuits of science classrooms are persuaded and manipulated indirectly and directly through several organizations that are themselves systems. National organizations and societies, private sector special- interest groups and government agencies at the local, regional, state, and national levels are three amongst many. Organizations have senior manager officer and administering body that eventually are accountable for the activities of the organizations and persuade on science education.The sovereignty of government organizations to persuade classroom science originates from two sources and these are the: (1) legislative, judicial authority or constitutional, and (2) economic and political act.   Since education is not precisely brought up as a federal power in United States Constitution, authority intended for education exists in states or regional. Federal dollars might be sought out for precise usages but since dollars move through state organiza tions to local regions, their usage is lay open to alteration to meet up the state purposes. State education agencies usually have more unswerving effect on science classroom pursuits compared with federal organizations. The science education is also considered as a network to make easy thinking which concerns the system’s several interacting modules.Science education system’s components aid an assortment of purposes which persuade the classroom’s practice of science education. The functions usually made the decision at the state-but there are times that the local will do- level comprises the substance of the school science course, the traits and qualities of the science program, the character of science teaching, and evaluation practices (see â€Å"Science Education System Standards†. http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/nses/8.html)Several distinct organizations and trustworthy individuals interrelate. The illustration below portrays in what way is each individual and every agency from distinct systems interrelates in the groundwork, certification and science teachers’ employment. Science education system’s components which have a main influence on teacher’s certificate match in four classifications and these are: (1) professional societies like the American Association of Physics, American Geological Institute, National Science Teachers Association,   National Association of Biology Teachers and American Chemical Society; (2) program-accrediting agencies like the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education which confirms teacher educations programs and National Board for Professional Teaching Standards which confirms teachers; (3) higher education’s organizations functioning within and cross state, local levels and national.Professional societies normally are not supposed of as accrediting agencies but rather their membership criterions explain what a professional is. The illustration bel ow was taken from â€Å"science Education System Standards†. http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/nses/8.html.A research study published in February 2005 entitled â€Å"the Impact of the State Higher Education System on the Texas Economy† and written by Carole Keeton Strayhorn explained that â€Å"Higher education has an important impact or effect on the Texas’ economy, increasing the Texas economic engine with 33.2 billion USD each year. Seeing that the system obtains just about 6 billion USD yearly in the state general revenue and regional property tariffs, each dollar capitalize in the higher education system of the state finally returns 5.50 USD to the Texas economy. This is an extraordinary and notable return, even for all-or-nothing technology instigation.But then, when it comes to the Texas higher education system, the risk factors are much higher. In favor of, the investors in Texas are capitalizing in the most significant business enterprise for the pr eparation of the young Texans’ future. With this fundamental role, state higher education funding is bringing up the rear ground to other state service industries. After regulating for inflation, expenditure on public protection and alterations increased 223 percent in the previous 15 years at the same time as real higher education spending increased only 44 percent throughout the same span of time. This study of Carole Keeton Strayton scrutinizes the economic impact of higher education by two extensive avenues. The initial and most direct impact is the supplementary sales, profits and service made by external dollars being brought into the Texas economy.The second is the long-term function higher education participates in escalating the capacity of the economy of the state by a more well-informed and beneficial work force. Her research presented that $3.1 billion in yearly student, investigation and health care-correlated higher education spending from out-of-state possessio ns is spent and re-spent by the Texas consumers and businesses every year to sum up $10.1 billion in economic amount produced. Furthermore, the Texas higher education system frequently links with the private sector to make occupations and enhance the Texans’ quality of life. Seeing together the profits and productivity-based methods, the Texas higher education system finally increases and multiplies the productivity capacity of the Texas economy having the average of 23.1 billion USD every year.Adding together the â€Å"supply-side† of profit to the $10.1 billion impacts from out-of-sate spending take along the sum total impact of the higher education system on the economy of Texas to 33.2 billion USD every year. The contribution of higher education to the Texas economy is considerable and significant than to other businesses. In reality, the totality of three years of the economic impact of the higher education exceeds Texas’ 72 billion USD gas and oil business or 62 billion USD high machinery and equipment business. Eventually, a few of higher education victories demonstrate the function of higher education in expanding and intensifying occupations and the eminence of life in every Texan individual (see Strayhorn, C. K. â€Å"The Impact of the State Higher Education System on the Texas Economy†. February 2005. http://www.window.state.tx.us/specialrpt/highered05/).In addition, the Texas higher education system comprises of 145 private and public colleges, health-related organizations and teaching centers and universities, comprising 44 private organizations and 101 state-supported. The admission every in university and college in Texas in 2004’s fall was about 1.2 million and was anticipated to range at least 1.3 million students in 2015.Texas, as one of the most populated states, the students depend heavily upon public instead of the private higher education organizations. As stated by the Texas Higher Education Coordinatin g Board, greater than 90 percent or about 1,064,620 students are admitted at its publicly-funded organizations which comprise universities (483,645), 57 community colleges and other two-year organizations (565,839), 35 and nine public health-related organizations (15,136).   The Texas’ public higher education is funded by a mixture of student fees, tuition, clinic and hospital revenue and other local endowments (see Strayhorn, C. K. â€Å"The Impact of the State Higher Education System on the Texas Economy†. February 2005. http://www.window.state.tx.us/specialrpt/highered05). References 1. â€Å"Education†. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. August 25, 2006.   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education 2. Meadowcroft, B. â€Å"The Impact of Information technology on work and society†. http://www.benmeadowcroft.com/reports/impact/ 3. Galston, William. â€Å"Creating Vibrant Spaces for Civil Society Organizations on the Internet after E-Commerce†. http://www.independentsector.org/PDFs/factfind4.pdf. 4. â€Å"Education and Economic development† http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac227/ac111/cisco_and_society/education_and_economic_development.html 5. â€Å"Science Education System Standards†. http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/nses/8.html 6.   Strayhorn, C. K. â€Å"The Impact of the State Higher Education System on the Texas Economy†. February 2005. http://www.window.state.tx.us/specialrpt/highered05

Strategic human resource management

STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENTStrategic human resource is planned procedure of human resource deployment to accomplish organisations end, it is consist of right HR patterns and direction determinations. Wright and McMahan ( 1992 ) , the logic of strategic direction harmonizing to articulation of the black box it shows the nexus between the HR architecture and its subsequent public presentation. Brian E. Becker and Mark A. ( 2006 ) , indispensable portion of the SHRM is consistently associate the people with the house. Schuler and Jackson ( 2007: 5 ) Human resource direction is of import section in most of the organisation, it is straight or indirectly involves all direction determinations, execution and actions, it’s chiefly focus on do a strong, long term relationship between the direction and it employees. Beer El Al ( 1984 ) , HRM is connected with all the all the activities including engaging people, using and pull offing them, the direction covers with Strategic, cognition, human capital, corporate societal duty, resourcing, organisation development, larning and development and public presentation and reward direction. M Armstrong. S Taylor. ( 2014: 4 ) . In the UK legion statements, development and unfavorable judgment occurred to the Human resource direction, Legge ( 2005: 101 ) criticised the statement of Armstrong 1987 ; Fowler 1987, and UK faculty members, Henry and Pettigrew ( 1990:18 ) , they mentioned that HRM was strongly normative at the start and it is identified and supply proposed solution noticeable alterations, while supplying more attending to the demanding lacks – in attitudes, way, range and coherency – of old forces direction. Armstrong argued that HRM is no more and no less than to personal direction it’s clearly bespeaking the of import of handling people as cardinal resource, chief concern of the top direction and its strategic planning procedure of the organisation. The Contingency Model Harmonizing to eventuality theory HRM practises are chiefly depend on its environment and state of affairss, its chiefly focal point on doing a relationship between the organisations HR patterns, policies and schemes and its concern scheme adapt to its external and internal environment. Paauwe ( 2004: 36 ) clarified: ‘ connexion between the independent variables such as HRM policies and patterns, it is different to each company harmonizing to their size, age and engineering, capital strength, grade of unionisation, ownership, location and industry sector.’ The Harvard Model Human resource direction has an impact or power on all direction determinations, doing good relationship between the organisation and employees while happening the piece happening the actions impacting the relationship, organisation should see employee as a possible plus than variable cost, besides its says about the duty of line director. The line director has more duty to do certain HR policies and competitory scheme. Characteristic of SHRM Strategic HRM is a procedure of an organisation to use their people to accomplish ends, SHRM considers people as a chief plus to the organisation, they can accomplish these ends by utilizing HR schemes and patterns and incorporate HR policies. M Armstrong. S Taylor. ( 2014: 18 ) . HR patterns help the organisation to do their determination on strategic program, through strategic program organisations can accomplish their determination on overall or precise HR scheme, SHRM is see non merely strategic besides integrate with concern and HR, illustration how they do concern and program to make. 1.2 Importance of the Strategic Human resource Management An effectual HR scheme sets to accomplish what an organisation needs to accomplishAble to fulfill and carry through concern demands.It can be an effectual and efficient programmes.The actions can happen and expect demand and the jobs.It is logically connect support each otherIdentify the demands of the organisation and its other interest holders besides line directors and employees.Human capital direction This theory chiefly see on how people contribute to the organisation utilizing their accomplishments, cognition and abilities to increase the productiveness. Management should clearly explicate the objects, demands and wants of the organisation to employees, by doing the relationship with them and their trade brotherhoods. M Armstrong. S Taylor. ( 2014: 7, 28 ) . Making common involvement between the organisation and their employees by supplying needed support to their households and demoing involvement in response to that inquiring employees to make the same think to the organisation. J Mello ( 2014: 22 ) Corporate Scheme Showing the organisations duty to the society and environment through pull offing the concern ethically. Designing and implementing policies which help to increase the employees and their part to the organisation by their effectivity, making new programmes to increase the effectivity among them to react to the alteration and the maps. M Armstrong. S Taylor. ( 2014: 27 ) . 1.3 Framework of Strategic Human Resource Management The Harvard Model Harmonizing to Beer et Al ( 1984 ) , Organization should see people as an of import plus than a variable cost, he believed that many jobs are demanding larger and longer finally shows the necessity of the long term relationship in pull offing people. The model shows that job can be solved merely when general director want see how their employees traveling to execute on new development in the organisation, such as following HR policies and patterns to accomplish their specific ends. Armstrong ( 2003 ) Line director should cook to confront increased duty to puting policies with mission and set uping competitory scheme besides identify the right method to develop and implement his personal activities reciprocally. Beer et Al ( 1984 ) Huczynski and Buchanan ( 2001 ) and Loosemore et Al ( 2003 ) mentioned that Harvard theoretical account equipped the needed connexion between organisations public presentation, the concern environment and SHRM determinations. It provide more easy method to place how SHRM act uponing other organisational activities. The Harvard Framework ( Beer et al. , 1984 ) nnnnnk Advantages of the theoretical account harmonizing to Boxall ( 1992 ) and Armstrong ( 2003 )Identifying stakeholder which helps organisation to corporate with them.It acknowledges a wide scope of contextual influences on management’s pick of scheme, proposing a engagement of both product-market and socio-culturalIt provided the uncertainty of supervisory manner, meanwhile giving more infinite to the employee influence.It place and increase the involvement among the employer, employees and different involvement groups.Strongly depend on direction voice, non controlled by the environment or state of affairs.2.1 Strategic Human Resource Procedure HRD Audit HR Roles in Constructing a Competitive Organization Future/Strategic Focus Management of Management of Strategic Human Transformation Resourcesand alteration PROCESSPEOPLE Management ofManagement of Firm InfrastructureEmployee Contribution It is varies from short term operational to long term strategic, HR professional should understand the both strategic and operational method to supply more focal point on long and short term activities, these two procedure define the most of import principal of HR activity. D Ulrich ( 2013: 24 )Pull offing the Strategic Human Resources.Pull offing the Organizations substructure.Pull offing the employee’s part.Pull offing the organisation alteration the transmutation.2.2 Role of top direction Strategic HR function of front- line direction Strategic leader should be able to expect and calculate necessary alterations to the organisation in the hereafter. ( Hitt, Ireland, & A ; Hoskisson 2007: 375 ) . It involves in different map in the organisation, pull offing the employees harmonizing to the demand of the administration is of import function for the direction. The leading should accept and construct a strong connexion between organisations external and internal concern environment. ( Huey 1994: 42–50 ) Some of the recognized feature which strategic leading contribute to implement the effectual strategic direction.Determine and plan the strategic way.Organization map should be balanced.Adequate usage of organisations resources.Following right patterns ethicallyImplementing organisational civilizationStrategic director should follow all the above strategic action to lend, implement and accomplish all the administration strategic leading ends. ( Hitt et al. 2007: 384 ) . Reason for the most of strategic management’s failure is hapless execution and deficiency of leading. HR Function Now both private and public sector organisation confronting the challenges to increase their corporate public presentation, HR map most of import among that, to accomplish the organisations efficiency and effectivity in their mark public presentation they need a transmutation, merely they can accomplish this by animating HR map. MI Hunter, MA Boroughs, MT Bendrien, MS Constance†¦ – 2012 – books.google.com Technology has the of import portion in transmutation of HR, in the traditional HR attempt and cost are high because of the deficiency of engineering. Now HR transmutation in to the new engineering provides the increased public presentation and added value to the HR map and concern itself, familiar with this connexion of the strategic attempt is of import, finally it will take to accomplish the key ( transactional and administrative ) activities of the HR’s following coevals. MI Hunter, MA Boroughs, MT Bendrien, MS Constance ( 2012: 2 ) – books.google.com

The Image of Fool in King Lear: from Page to Sage

The Fool – from text to screen. The concept of a fool in Shakespearean plays is nearly as popular as the very figure of a fool used to be in Middle Ages at royal courts and some private households of aristocrats. The characters that could be described as fools appear in Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night (Feste) and As You Like It (Touchstone). And there is of course the most famous of the fools, named simply The Fool in Shakespeare’s King Lear – the one with reference to whom this essay is created. A fool, according to Encyclop? ia Britannica was a person, often retarded, handicapped, dwarfed or mad, kept on court for luck and amusement of his patron. Due to his questionable mental abilities he was given license to mock persons of nobility, even the king himself. The origins of his function are sought for in the tribal scapegoat, who served as a sacrifice alternative for the king. Probably for that reason he was endowed with some attributes prescribed to a king such as a bauble (mock scepter) and a motley coat. His entertaining function was marked by other attributes in his possession such as a coxcomb, bells and a horny or ass-eared hood.All those gadgets, apart from arousing amusement, served one more purpose – they made a jester stand out from all the other individuals. Even though some critics tend to perceive the Fool in King Lear as a character crucial to understanding of the play and the significance of particular characters, others are more inclined to categorize him as one of the minor characters. At some stage of King Lear’s development the figure of the Fool was even altogether removed from the play, which may constitute some indication of how different were the attitudes towards the importance of his presence in the play within the course of time.As far as transposition of the text of the play into the film script is concerned, it is particularly worth noticing that cinematic space juxtaposed to theatrical space s hows some vital dissimilarities, among which are different attitude of a producer towards presumable reactions of the audience, the supremacy of the camera’s angle over spectator’s inclination to see what takes their fancy and the possibility of creating more articulate spatial setting. Also G.Wilson Knight considers the screening of any play an outstandingly challenging quest and warns against two main failures that may occur in the production. The first one may be described as mechanical failure, when the director is trying to put the main emphasis on the melodrama, into which the play is turned, while the second one is described by the author as ‘the would-be ‘symbolical’ production’, in which some significant enigmatic and sometimes supernatural values are blurred or not displayed at all.He reports to have heard Juliet’s potion speech, which he found, by the cause of a thunder introduced arbitrarily by the scriptwriter, utterly dist urbed and demolished. He expressed a conviction, that Shakespeare would have arranged a thunder in that place, if that had been what he had intended to. Knight argues also that ‘the sounds – words and additional effects – are (.. ) given’ and all that a director or a screenwriter or particular actors are expected to do is to pour life into them and arrange a proper setting for them.So much for the possible area of scrutiny as far as some comparison between the text and the screen versions is put to question. Of course some temporal or verbal ellipses are inevitable as they are undeniably a part of producer’s license, as well as a kind of a landmark in every screen production, though the vital parts of the play should not be omitted in order to preserve the original character of the artwork.Having still some features of the analysed productions left to scrutinize, the focus may be put on the extratextual and non-verbal factors such as the costumes, t he age of the actors playing Fools, their sex, the overall attitude towards the outer world as well as their demeanour towards other characters in the play that is not strictly implied by the original text. Some leaps in text as far as they are not dictated by thrift in time of production may also prove indicatory for the moulding of the character of the Fool.If the text strays slightly from the original, this might also constitute an evidence of some deliberate interference within the character’s creation. Questions has been long posed what might be the actual age of the Fool. Maggie Williams is one of the advocates of the thesis that he ought to be presented as a young boy, which she justifies by Lear’s frequently addressing him as ‘boy’ and also by his vulnerability to poor weather conditions during the tempest, his fear at the sight of Edgar disguised as Poor Tom as well as his extraordinary attachment to Cordelia which proved itself in his pining afte r her departure .Williams’ conviction, though not isolated, is not entirely shared by some circles of literary critics and a number of producers, who tend to bestow the role of the Fool to more experienced and aged actors. Such is the case with both productions: King Lear, directed by Jonathan Miller released in 1982 and King Lear, directed by Trevor Nunn released in 2008. The character of the Fool is played in both of them by middle-aged actors: in Miller’s film it is Frank Middlemass born in 1919 and in Nunn’s film it is Sylvester McCoy born in 1943.Both actors were at their 60s at the time of each film being shot. In actuality the fool could not have been intended as a child (due to his frequent bawdy innuendos and banters), neither could he be equated to an old man, as it seems, but actually some screen versions of a play managed to picture him as one quite successfully. What can be inferred from the very text of the play is the fact that the Fool was the cl osest companion of the King.The evidence of that could be the fact of Lear’s desperate need for the Fool’s company, when he asks his servants to summon him four times in the act I scene 4 intermittently amid occupying himself with other affairs (interviewing Kent, then Oswald, then a Knight and at the end Oswald again), although, as he claims, he haven’t seen him for two days, which is not an extraordinarily long period of time. He also accompanies King from then on in every venture even in the worst conditions of the tempest until the end of act III scene 6, when he mysteriously disappears.Moreover, the text makes it evident, that the King and the Fool are in close intimacy, the indication of which is Lear’s constant addressing Fool as ‘my boy’, ‘lad’, ‘my pretty knave’ as also this line of his spoken during the storm: ‘Poor fool and knave, I have one part in my heart/ That’s sorry yet for thee. â€℠¢(3. 2. 70-71). Another clue derived from the text pertains to the Fool’s mental disposition. He is probably neither mad nor retarded in any way, which is marked by Kent’s words: ‘This is not altogether fool, my Lord’ after Fool had made it clear to the King that he had no more titles left but this of a fool.Also Gonerill seems not to underestimate Fool’s power in his actions taken against her in his many quips. She calls him ‘more knave than fool’ (I. 4. 269), which may imply that she lets him know that she can see through his witticisms and reveal his real intentions which basically come to dissuading King from trusting his daughters. This and other functions in the play, such as comforting Lear and presaging him from superfluous faith and expectations put in his daughters with aid of ‘folk-wisdom’ are ascribed to the Fool by S.L. Goldberg, who highlights also Fool’s passivity in the course of action and his pathos expressed by his loyalty and heightened feelings, being the spur of his actions. But Goldberg foreworns from over‘sentimentalizing’ Fool, as he is also ‘clear-eyed’ and knows that ‘facts and ideals are always and always will be at odds’, which he tries to express in his wry witticisms, for which Lear calls him a ‘bitter fool’ (I. 4. 119).His figure can be also perceived as a relic of ancient Greek chorus, commenting on other characters and the plot, but presumably his main function comes down to making exertions to entertain the king, or ,as Kent calls it in some moment of the play, ‘to out-jest his heart-struck injuries’. Some of these functions were amplified in particular cinematic productions and others were diminished or even expunged. This is to be analysed with reference to the abovementioned cinematic productions. Apparently in Miller’s King Lear the character of the Fool is more accentuated than in the other production.He is a kind of an old fellow, loyal to his master, who cares for his fate and is not able to come to terms with his fatal misstep of giving away his royal authority and his land to his ungrateful daughters and even worse error of disinheriting and repelling Cordelia. He acts as though he had a strong feeling of responsibility for the king and his providence and as he was striving for something more than just a mere profession of court jester. All his behaviour gives the impression that he assumes the pose of a fool solely in order to remain beside the king regardless the changeable circumstances.Being a court jester allows him to reproach the king, sometimes in extremely harsh words, which make the king look like an idiot. However, what is worth highlighting is the fact that he never does it to impress the king’s escort and other surrounding him people, but he addresses the king directly as though he was his personal counsellor. His own jokes do not amuse h im, what can be easily deduced from the fact of his ability of assuming a grave facial expression almost instantly after making some jests and fooling about.Perchance this alongside with uttering some statements unpleasant to king’s ears earns him an opinion of a ‘bitter fool’, as Lear calls him (I. 4. 119). Given this one may come to a conclusion that he forces himself to play the role of the fool as this seems to be the only way to rebuke the king and talk him through to common sense without falling out of favour as Kant did after speaking the words of truth to his seigneur. The case is utterly different with another Fool – the one played by Sylvester McCoy in Nunn’s film. He is by no means a sedate adviser caged in the uncomfortable disguise of a fool.He is a ‘fool-blooded’ fool, who actually enjoys his position on the court and aspires for nothing more. His confidentiality with the king is verily striking, especially when the specta tors see him sitting in Lear’s lap, patting his face, sleeking his hair or kissing him in a childlike manner. If the title ‘nuncle’ customarily used by court jesters in addressing the king sounds derisively spoken by Middlemass’ Fool, the same word articulated by McCoy sounds as though a child was addressing his real uncle. His jovial and at times childish behaviour contrasts with his bawdy innuendos and gestures.Unlike Middlemass’ Fool, he enjoys being the life and soul of a party, entertaining king’s escort and jesting with them. He is fond of making fool of himself, playing the spoons using them as castanets, singing and cheering others up. Moreover, he is not eager to put himself at risk. As he speaks to Goneril, he quiets himself down in order not to utter an offence. Also the last words, that Fool was meant to speak about Goneril at her court and within her presence were cut out. So were many other lines originally spoken by the Fool. T his omission sometimes results in Fool’s appearing to be talking nonsense.Passing over Fool’s lines may also have another effect: the Fool appears in the whole play as a character of secondary importance, whose only purpose is to entertain the king and his comrades. And he does it, deriving pleasure from it. As it has been illustrated, the approaches towards the Fool in literary critique and cinematography were numerous and sundry, some of them conventional and others more innovative, but definitely each one of them bore some intrinsic artistic values, which cannot be fully apprehended without scrupulous scrutiny, which couldn’t have been contained within the volume of these few pages.Nevertheless the character of the Fool in two analysed above productions was given a closer insight. Two actors performing the role of the Fool in collaboration with the directors of each production created two different images of this figure. One of them was an image of a wise old man, whose role of a king’s personal adviser and tutor required a disguise of a court jester; a ‘bitter fool’, whose witticisms were wry, acute, sardonical, but whose exertions were aimed at only one goal – to save the king: from ill-advised decisions, from madness, from despair.The other one was a full-blooded fool, whose fondness of playing for laughs and entertaining others was tangible and whose, sometimes shocking, intimacy with the king could be explained only by mental impairment. This proved that the creation of a character is not entirely and solely dependent on the source text of a play, but is largely affected by the artistic vision and the license of a producer as well as by the original and individual skills of an actor. Works cited: 1. Davies Anthony, Filming Shakespeare’s Plays.The Adaptations of Laurence Olivier, Orson Wells, Peter Brook and Akira Kurosawa, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Oakleigh 1994. 2. Encyclop? dia Britannica Online, s. v. â€Å"fool†, accessed May 27, 2012,http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/212748/fool. 3. Goldberg S. L. , An Essay on King Lear, Cambridge University Press, London, New York 1974. 4. King Lear, DVD, directed by Jonathan Miller (1982; British Broadcasting Corporation, Time-Life Television Productions) 5. King Lear, DVD, directed by Trevor Nunn (2008; Richard Price TV Associates Ltd. 6. Knight G. Wilson, Shakespearean Production with Especial Reference to the Tragedies, Faber and Faber LTD, London 1964. 7. Shakespeare William, The Tragedy of King Lear, Halio Jay L. ed. , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Oakleigh 1997. 8. Williams, Maggie. Shakespeare Examinations. Ed. William Taylor Thom, M. A. Boston: Ginn and Co. , 1888. Shakespeare Online. 10 Aug. 2010. (27. 05. 2012) . Sara Wilczynska ——————————————– 1 ]. See for exampl e: Williams, Maggie. Shakespeare Examinations. Ed. William Taylor Thom, M. A. Boston: Ginn and Co. , 1888. Shakespeare Online. 10 Aug. 2010. (27. 05. 2012) . [ 2 ]. See for example: Goldberg S. L. , An Essay on King Lear, Cambridge University Press, London, New York 1974, pp. 84-92. [ 3 ]. i. e. in Nahum Tate’s amended version of King Lear from 1681; see: Introduction to: Shakespeare William, The Tragedy of King Lear, Halio Jay L. ed. , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Oakleigh 1997, p. 36. [ 4 ].See: Davies Anthony, Filming Shakespeare’s Plays. The Adaptations of Laurence Olivier, Orson Wells, Peter Brook and Akira Kurosawa, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Oakleigh 1994, p. 8. [ 5 ]. Ibidem. [ 6 ]. Knight G. Wilson, Shakespearean Production with Especial Reference to the Tragedies, Faber and Faber LTD, London 1964, p. 47. [ 7 ]. Ibidem, p. 54. [ 8 ]. Ibidem, p. 48. [ 9 ]. Op. cit. Williams, Maggie. Shakespeare Examinations†¦ [ 10 ]. See: Shakespeare William, The Tragedy of King Lear: ‘Where’s my knave? my fool?Go you and call my fool hither’ (I. 4. 38); ‘Where’s my fool’ (I. 4. 42); ‘But where’s my fool? ’ (I,4. 60-61); ‘Go you, call hither my fool’ (I. 4. 66) [ 11 ]. Op. cit. Goldberg S. L. , An Essay on King Lear†¦ , pp 90-91. [ 12 ]. Ibidem, p. 90. [ 13 ]. Ibidem. [ 14 ]. Ibidem. [ 15 ]. It becomes particularly visible when the Fool says to the king: ‘If thou wert my fool, nuncle, I’d have thee beaten for being old before thy time. ’. When Lear asks for the explanation, Fool replies: ‘Thou shouldst not have been old till thou hadst been wise’ (I. 5. 33-36) [ 16 ].As in the case when he complains at being whipped for holding his ‘peace’ (meaning being silent in contradistinction to telling truth or telling lies as his earlier words suggest), speaking which he reaches to his crotch, as if he was peeing . [ 17 ]. The words that spoken by the Fool could have enraged Goneril were such: ‘A fox, when one has caught her,/ And such a daughter,/ Should sure to the slaughter,/ If my cap can buy a halter’ – McCoy’s Fool does not speak these words, as he probably is intended by the director as a harmless and joyful character. [ 18 ].Like when he says : ‘All that follow their noses are led by their eyes but blind men, and there’s not a nose among twenty but can smell him that’s stinking’ (2. 4. 63-65) as an explanation for why Kent should be put in the stocks for asking for the reason of King’s escort being so diminished. The rest of the lines from this speech is simply left out, so that it may look like the Fool was talking poppycock. The same situation occurs a while earlier when Fool declares with a blank stare: ‘Winter’s not gone yet, if the wild geese fly that way’ (2. 4. 43). Similarly the rest of the lines is left out.